<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>SIKH</TITLE>਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ
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<BODY class="BODY" oncontextmenu="return false" ondragstart="return false" onselectstart="return false">਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&#65279SIKH. The word <i>sikh</i> goes back to Sanskrit <i>&#347i&#7779ya</i>, meaning a learner or disciple. In P&#257li, <i>&#347i&#7779ya</i> became <i>sissa</i>. The P&#257li word <i>sekha</i> (also <i>sekkha</i>) means a pupil or one under training in a religious doctrine (<i>sikkh&#257, &#347ik&#7779&#257</i>). The Punjabi form of the word was <i>sikh</i>. The term Sikh in the Punjab and elsewhere came to be used for the disciples of Gur&#363 N&#257nak (1469-1539) and his nine spiritual successors. N&#257nakpanth&#299s (lit. followers of the path of N&#257nak) was also the term employed, especially in the initial stages. Mobid Zulfiq&#257r Ardast&#257n&#299, a contemporary of Gur&#363 Hargobind (1595-1664) and Gur&#363 Har R&#257i (1630-61), defines Sikhs in his Persian work <i>Dabist&#257n-i-Maz&#257hib</i> as "N&#257nakpanth&#299s better known as Gur&#363--Sikhs (who) do not believe in idols and temples." According to the Sikh Gurdw&#257r&#257s Act, 1925, passed by the Punjab legislature, "Sikh means a person who professes the Sikh religion." The Act further provides that in case of doubt a person shall be deemed to be a Sikh if he subscribes to the following declaration : "I solemnly affirm that I am a Sikh, that I believe in the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib, that I believe in the Ten Gur&#363s, and that I have no other religion." The Delhi Sikh Gurdw&#257r&#257s Act, 1971, passed by Indian Parliament, lays down a stricter difinition in that it requires keeping hair unshorn as an essential qualification for a Sikh and that, besides belief in the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib and the Ten Gur&#363s, it requires a Sikh to affirm that he follows their teachings. The latter Act thus excludes Sahajdh&#257r&#299s (gradualists who profess faith in Sikhism but have not yet complied with the injunction about unshorn hair).</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 䜀漀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䌀爀攀愀琀漀爀 眀栀漀 椀猀 昀漀爀洀氀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 攀琀攀爀渀愀氀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀挀攀渀搀攀渀琀 愀渀搀 愀氀氀ⴀ瀀攀爀瘀愀猀椀瘀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 甀渀椀挀椀琀礀 漀昀 䜀漀搀 椀洀瀀氀椀攀猀Ⰰ 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀渀攀 栀愀渀搀Ⰰ 渀漀渀ⴀ戀攀氀椀攀昀 椀渀 最漀搀猀 愀渀搀 最漀搀搀攀猀猀攀猀Ⰰ 椀搀漀氀猀 愀渀搀 椀搀漀氀ⴀ眀漀爀猀栀椀瀀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 爀攀樀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀猀 愀洀漀渀最 洀攀渀 漀渀 琀栀攀 最爀漀甀渀搀猀 漀昀 戀椀爀琀栀Ⰰ 挀愀猀琀攀 漀爀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 琀攀洀瀀氀攀 挀愀氀氀攀搀 㰀椀㸀最甀爀搀眀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㰀⼀椀㸀 渀漀 椀洀愀最攀猀 愀爀攀 椀渀猀琀愀氀氀攀搀 漀爀 眀漀爀猀栀椀瀀瀀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀漀氀攀 漀戀樀攀挀琀 漀昀 爀攀瘀攀爀攀渀挀攀 琀栀攀爀攀椀渀 椀猀 琀栀攀 䠀漀氀礀 䈀漀漀欀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀椀渀最 䜀漀搀✀猀 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 戀攀 爀攀愀氀 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 洀攀爀攀 椀氀氀甀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀椀最渀椀琀礀 漀昀 眀漀爀氀搀氀礀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 戀攀 爀攀最甀氀愀琀攀搀 愀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最 琀漀 愀 栀椀最栀 洀漀爀愀氀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 栀甀洀愀渀 戀椀爀琀栀 椀猀 愀 瘀愀氀甀攀搀 最椀昀琀 攀愀爀渀攀搀 戀礀 眀漀爀琀栀礀 愀挀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 洀甀猀琀 戀攀 甀琀椀氀椀稀攀搀 琀漀 搀漀 瀀爀愀礀攀爀 愀渀搀 攀渀最愀最攀 椀渀 搀攀瘀漀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀 最漀漀搀 搀攀攀搀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 匀椀欀栀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀 昀漀爀 愀渀 甀瀀爀椀最栀琀 氀椀瘀椀渀最 椀猀 㰀椀㸀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀 樀愀瀀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 欀椀爀愀琀 欀愀爀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀Ⰰ 瘀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀ 挀栀栀愀欀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀挀漀渀猀琀愀渀琀 爀攀洀攀洀戀爀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 䜀漀搀✀猀 一愀洀攀Ⰰ 攀愀爀渀椀渀最 漀渀攀✀猀 氀椀瘀攀氀椀栀漀漀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 栀漀渀攀猀琀 氀愀戀漀甀爀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀栀愀爀椀渀最 漀渀攀✀猀 瘀椀挀琀甀愀氀猀 眀椀琀栀 漀琀栀攀爀猀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 昀愀椀琀栀 爀攀焀甀椀爀攀猀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 琀漀 戀攀 攀渀攀爀最攀琀椀挀 愀渀搀 挀漀甀爀愀最攀漀甀猀⸀ 䄀 栀礀洀渀 戀礀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀 䐀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀Ⰰ 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀欀 䤀嘀Ⰰ 愀搀樀甀爀攀猀 愀 匀椀欀栀 琀漀 爀椀猀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 洀漀爀渀椀渀最Ⰰ 洀愀欀攀 栀椀猀 愀戀氀甀琀椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 爀攀挀椀琀攀 㰀椀㸀最甀爀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 栀漀氀礀 栀礀洀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 爀攀洀攀洀戀攀爀 䜀漀搀 眀栀椀氀攀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀椀渀最 栀椀猀 渀漀爀洀愀氀 搀甀琀椀攀猀 戀甀琀 愀氀猀漀 愀猀猀椀猀琀 漀琀栀攀爀猀 琀漀 搀漀 氀椀欀攀眀椀猀攀⸀ 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 吀攀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀Ⰰ 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀欀 䤀堀Ⰰ 搀攀昀椀渀攀猀 琀栀攀 椀搀攀愀氀 洀愀渀 愀猀 漀渀攀 眀栀漀 昀爀椀最栀琀攀渀猀 渀漀 漀渀攀Ⰰ 渀漀爀 猀甀戀洀椀琀猀 琀漀 昀攀愀爀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀⸀ 匀椀欀栀猀 愀爀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀氀礀 栀漀甀猀攀栀漀氀搀攀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 椀猀 渀漀 瀀爀椀攀猀琀氀礀 挀氀愀猀猀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀洀⸀ 䄀氀氀 漀渀 挀漀渀搀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 昀椀琀渀攀猀猀 挀愀渀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀 琀栀攀 瀀爀椀攀猀琀氀礀 昀甀渀挀琀椀漀渀⸀ 圀漀洀攀渀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀洀 攀渀樀漀礀 攀焀甀愀氀 爀椀最栀琀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Although a person born and brought up in a Sikh family is generally accepted as a Sikh, yet, strictly speaking, initiation through a specified ceremony is essential. Up to the creation of the <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 by Gur&#363 Gobind Si&#7749gh in 1699, initiation through <i>charan p&#257hul</i> was in vogue. According to it, the novice was required to drink water touched by or poured over the Gur&#363's toe. Gur&#363 Gobind Si&#7749gh introduced <i>kha&#7751&#7693e d&#257 amrit</i> or rites of the double-edged sword and prescribed the wearing of five symbols including <i>kesa</i> or unshorn hair, which form is obligatory for all Sikhs. Exemption, that also temporary, is claimed by Sahajdh&#257r&#299 Sikhs.</p>਍㰀⼀昀漀渀琀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="BIB">਍䈀䤀䈀䰀䤀伀䜀刀䄀倀䠀夀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀漀氀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 吀爀椀氀漀挀栀愀渀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ ∀吀栀攀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 䌀漀渀挀攀瀀琀猀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀∀Ⰰ 椀渀 㰀椀㸀匀椀欀栀椀猀洀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 倀愀琀椀愀氀愀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㤀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Nripinder Singh <i>The Sikh Moral Tradition</i>. Delhi, 1990<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䜀愀渀搀愀 匀椀渀最栀 琀爀⸀ ∀一愀渀愀欀 倀愀渀琀栀椀猀∀ ⠀琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 昀爀漀洀 㰀椀㸀䐀愀戀椀猀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀ⴀ椀ⴀ䴀愀稀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀㰀⼀椀㸀 戀礀 娀甀氀昀椀欀愀爀 䄀爀搀椀猀琀愀渀椀⤀ 椀渀    㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 倀愀渀樀愀戀 倀愀猀琀 愀渀搀 倀爀攀猀攀渀琀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 倀愀琀椀愀氀愀Ⰰ 䄀瀀爀椀氀 ㄀㤀㘀㜀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Harbans Singh, <i>The Heritage of the Sikhs</i>. Delhi, 1983<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 吀攀樀愀 匀椀渀最栀 㰀椀㸀匀椀欀栀椀猀洀 㨀 䤀琀猀 䤀搀攀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 䤀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䈀漀洀戀愀礀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㌀㜀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Farquhar, J.N., <i>Modern Religious Movements in India</i>. London, 1924<BR>਍㰀⼀漀氀㸀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀伀一吀∀㸀䜀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
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