<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>MACAULIFFE MAX ARTHUR (1841-1913)</TITLE>਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ
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<p class="C1">&#65279&#65279MACAULIFFE, MAX ARTHUR (1841-1913), English translator of the Sikh Scriptures and historian of Sikhism, was born on 10 September 1841 at Newcastle West, County Limerick, Ireland. He was educated at Newcastle School, Limerick, and at Springfield College and Queen's College, Galway. He received a broad humanistic education that allowed him to read the Greek and Latin classics in the original. He could also read French and Italian. In 1862, he was appointed to the Indian Civil Service and was assigned to the Punjab. He arrived in the Punjab in February 1864. After eighteen years of service, he was appointed a Deputy Commissioner in 1882. Two years later, he became a Divisional Judge. Throughout his life Macauliffe maintained a personal reserve that made him reluctant to speak of himself or his own aspirations and struggles save in a few scattered places in his writings. His career in the Indian Civil Service has received no special historical note. Although his deep understanding and sympathy for the people of the Punjab and their religious traditions doubtless made him an able and just civil servant, it also brought him into conflict with his fellow Englishmen in India.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ吀栀攀 昀漀挀甀猀 漀昀 栀椀猀 氀椀昀攀 椀猀 椀渀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 愀猀 愀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀漀爀 愀渀搀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀攀爀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䔀渀最氀椀猀栀ⴀ猀瀀攀愀欀椀渀最   眀漀爀氀搀⸀ 䠀椀猀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 椀渀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀 眀愀猀 猀瀀愀爀欀攀搀 戀礀 愀琀琀攀渀搀椀渀最 愀 䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 挀攀氀攀戀爀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀 猀栀漀爀琀氀礀 愀昀琀攀爀 愀爀爀椀瘀椀渀最 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀ 䤀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 挀攀爀攀洀漀渀椀攀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀漀氀搀攀渀 吀攀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 栀攀 甀渀搀攀爀琀漀漀欀 愀 猀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀 愀渀搀 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀礀洀渀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀猀⸀ 䠀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 搀攀攀瀀氀礀 攀渀最愀最攀搀 戀礀 眀栀愀琀 栀攀 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀Ⰰ 椀渀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀搀猀Ⰰ ∀琀栀攀 猀甀戀氀椀洀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀琀礀氀攀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀 漀昀 攀琀栀椀挀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 琀栀攀礀 椀渀挀甀氀挀愀琀攀搀 眀攀爀攀 甀渀洀愀琀挀栀攀搀⸀∀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	His studies of Sikhism first appeared in the <i>Calcutta Review</i> in articles published between 1875 and 1881. It became increasingly evident to Macauliffe that the massive work of translating the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib and writing a definitive history of Sikhism could not be combined with his responsibilities as a full-time civil servant. When, in 1893, the <u>Kh</u>&#257ls&#257 D&#299w&#257n offered him financial assistance to carry on his work, he retired from the Indian Civil Service. However, long before his retirement, he had established deep and continuing contact with leading Sikh scholars and had mastered the necessary linguistic tools. He studied a number of Indian and related languages in order to master the linguistic complexities of the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib; among these he mentions Sa&#7749skrit, Pr&#257krit, Arabic, Persian, Turk&#299, Mar&#257&#7789h&#299, Gujar&#257t&#299 and Punjabi in its various dialects.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ圀栀椀氀攀 椀渀 䤀渀搀椀愀Ⰰ 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 洀愀搀攀 栀椀猀 栀漀洀攀 愀琀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀 漀渀 䌀愀渀琀漀渀洀攀渀琀 刀漀愀搀⸀ 䠀攀 愀氀猀漀 氀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 眀栀攀爀攀 栀攀 眀愀猀 愀猀猀椀猀琀攀搀 椀渀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 戀礀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀渀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 眀栀漀猀攀 猀攀爀瘀椀挀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 洀愀搀攀 愀瘀愀椀氀愀戀氀攀 戀礀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 刀椀瀀甀搀愀洀愀渀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀⸀ 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 猀瀀攀渀琀 琀椀洀攀 椀渀 䴀甀猀猀漀漀爀椀攀 愀渀搀 䐀攀栀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䐀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀渀 愀猀 眀攀氀氀⸀ 䠀椀猀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 眀漀爀欀猀 漀昀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 眀攀爀攀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 琀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 椀渀 栀椀猀 洀愀最渀甀洀 漀瀀甀猀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 刀攀氀椀最椀漀渀 㨀 䤀琀猀 䜀甀爀甀猀Ⰰ 匀愀挀爀攀搀 圀爀椀琀椀渀最猀 愀渀搀 䄀甀琀栀漀爀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀渀 ㄀㤀　㤀⸀ 䤀渀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 琀栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 爀攀愀搀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀猀Ⰰ 栀攀 爀攀琀甀爀渀攀搀 琀漀 䔀渀最氀愀渀搀 眀椀琀栀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀渀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀⸀ 吀栀攀 眀漀爀欀 眀愀猀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 猀椀砀 瘀漀氀甀洀攀猀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䌀氀愀爀攀渀搀漀渀 倀爀攀猀猀 椀渀 伀砀昀漀爀搀⸀ 䄀昀琀攀爀 琀栀椀猀 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀 漀渀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀瘀攀渀琀栀 攀搀椀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀䔀渀挀礀挀氀漀瀀愀攀搀椀愀 䈀爀椀琀愀渀渀椀挀愀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 琀漀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀 琀漀 戀漀琀栀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 愀渀搀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀氀礀 愀甀搀椀攀渀挀攀猀 戀礀 氀攀挀琀甀爀攀猀 愀渀搀 愀爀琀椀挀氀攀猀⸀ 䠀攀 搀椀攀搀 漀渀 ㄀㔀 䴀愀爀挀栀 ㄀㤀㄀㌀ 椀渀 栀椀猀 䰀漀渀搀漀渀 栀漀洀攀Ⰰ 匀椀渀挀氀愀椀爀 䜀愀爀搀攀渀猀Ⰰ 圀攀猀琀 䬀攀渀猀椀渀最琀漀渀⸀ 䠀攀 眀愀猀 愀琀琀攀渀搀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 栀椀猀 氀椀昀攀 戀礀 愀 倀甀渀樀愀戀椀 猀攀爀瘀愀渀琀Ⰰ 挀愀氀氀攀搀 䴀甀栀愀洀洀愀搀Ⰰ 眀栀漀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 爀攀挀椀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀䨀愀瀀甀㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀㰀椀㸀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀⤀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 洀漀爀渀椀渀最 瀀爀愀礀攀爀Ⰰ 猀栀漀爀琀氀礀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 栀攀 搀椀攀搀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	The antagonism of Anglo-Indian officialdom towards Macauliffe grew, particularly after his retirement. This was a major factor in denying him the official government patronage he needed to support his work. It is estimated that he spent two lakhs of rupees out of his personal funds for the work of preparing <i>The Sikh Religion</i>. Financial assistance came from a number of Indians, including H.H. Sir H&#299r&#257 Si&#7749gh, M&#257lvendar Bah&#257dur, the R&#257j&#257 of N&#257bh&#257; H.H. Sir R&#257jinder Si&#7749gh, the Mah&#257r&#257j&#257 of Pa&#7789i&#257l&#257; H.H. R&#257j&#257 Ra&#7751b&#299r Si&#7749gh, R&#257j&#257 of J&#299nd; the &#7788ikk&#257 S&#257hib of N&#257bh&#257; Sard&#257r Ra&#7751j&#299t Si&#7749gh of Chhachhraul&#299 and H.H. the G&#257ekw&#257&#7771, of Ba&#7771od&#257. Leading scholars and statesmen recommended <i>The Sikh Religion</i> for the patronage of the Indian government. In addition, a special committee of learned Sikhs, called together by Col. Jaw&#257l&#257 Si&#7749gh, Superintendent of the Golden Temple, carefully examined Macauliffe's translations of the hymns of the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib and commended them as accurate and faithful to the Sikh religion. The Punjab Government recommended a grant of Rs 15,000 as advance payment for copies of the translation. Some in the government, following the lead of Sir Mackworth Young, opposed the grant on the grounds of government's religious neutrality. Finally, Lord Morley, the Secretary of State, ordered the sum reduced to Rs 5,000. Macauliffe felt slighted by the insignificance of the grant and declined it.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ吀栀攀 挀漀漀氀渀攀猀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀 琀漀眀愀爀搀猀 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀✀猀 眀漀爀欀 甀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀氀礀 椀渀昀氀甀攀渀挀攀搀 攀瘀攀渀 猀漀洀攀 匀椀欀栀猀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㄀㄀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 䔀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 䌀漀渀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀氀瀀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 爀攀樀攀挀琀攀搀 愀 爀攀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 挀漀洀洀攀渀搀椀渀最 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 愀昀琀攀爀 栀椀猀 搀攀愀琀栀Ⰰ 愀 爀攀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀漀渀搀漀氀攀渀挀攀 眀愀猀 瀀愀猀猀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀椀猀 最爀漀甀瀀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 漀昀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀氀瀀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 愀 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 䴀攀洀漀爀椀愀氀 匀漀挀椀攀琀礀 愀渀搀 琀爀椀攀搀 琀漀 爀愀椀猀攀 洀漀渀攀礀 昀漀爀 愀 䰀椀戀爀愀爀礀⸀ 吀栀攀椀爀 攀昀昀漀爀琀猀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 漀渀氀礀 刀猀 ㌀Ⰰ㈀㐀㔀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 洀漀渀攀礀 眀愀猀 琀漀 戀攀 甀猀攀搀 昀漀爀 愀 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 䴀攀搀愀氀 琀漀 戀攀 愀眀愀爀搀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀愀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 椀渀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀⸀ 䈀攀挀愀甀猀攀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀攀琀椀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 琀漀 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 爀攀樀攀挀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 漀昀昀攀爀⸀ 䘀椀渀愀氀氀礀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀甀渀搀 眀攀渀琀 琀漀 琀栀攀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䌀漀氀氀攀最攀 椀渀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀 眀栀攀爀攀 愀 洀攀搀愀氀 椀猀 愀眀愀爀搀攀搀 攀愀挀栀 礀攀愀爀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 戀攀猀琀 攀猀猀愀礀 漀渀 愀渀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 琀漀瀀椀挀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 洀攀愀最攀爀 漀甀琀挀漀洀攀 椀猀 愀渀 椀渀愀搀攀焀甀愀琀攀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀 攀猀琀攀攀洀 椀渀 眀栀椀挀栀 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 椀猀 栀攀氀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	Macauliffe undertook his work of translating the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib and writing the history of Sikhism with a sense of urgency. He believed that the moral and religious purity of original Sikhism was in danger of being lost. The Punjabi language was going through extensive change that was rapidly rendering the language of the original hymns unintelligible to many people. The older <i>gi&#257n&#299s</i>, the professional interpreters of the Scriptures, were dying out and not being replaced by younger men able to keep the voice of tradition alive. Educated Sikhs were losing not only the linguistic skills, but also the religious motivation to understand their own traditions. Sikhism was threatened, in Macauliffe's estimation, by religious syncretism that drained it of its unique moral and spiritual power. He believed that by rendering a competent translation and history Sikhism could be preserved not only for the historian, but also as a creative religious force. No adequate dictionary existed, at that time, of the language of the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib, although the foundations for one had been laid in the work of Pa&#7751&#7693it T&#257r&#257 Si&#7749gh Narotam. Macauliffe wanted to catch the living tradition as the guide through the linguistic complexities of the Scriptures before it was lost. The availability of the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib to modern understanding is in no small part due to his work.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀✀猀 眀漀爀欀 戀甀椀氀琀 甀瀀漀渀 漀瘀攀爀 愀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 漀昀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䤀渀搀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 戀礀 眀攀猀琀攀爀渀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀漀漀琀渀漀琀攀猀 漀昀 栀椀猀 眀爀椀琀椀渀最猀 爀攀瘀攀愀氀 栀椀猀 搀椀猀挀攀爀渀椀渀最 甀猀攀 漀昀 猀甀挀栀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 猀琀甀搀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀 愀猀 䠀攀渀爀礀 䌀漀氀攀戀爀漀漀欀攀Ⰰ 䨀漀栀渀 䴀愀氀挀漀氀洀 愀渀搀 䨀漀猀攀瀀栀 䐀愀瘀攀礀 䌀甀渀渀椀渀最栀愀洀⸀ 䠀攀 甀琀椀氀椀稀攀搀 琀栀攀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 漀昀 䠀漀爀愀挀攀 䠀愀礀洀愀渀 圀椀氀猀漀渀Ⰰ 䴀漀渀椀攀爀 圀椀氀氀椀愀洀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䘀爀椀攀搀爀椀挀栀 䴀愀砀 䴀甀氀氀攀爀⸀ 䈀甀琀 椀渀 愀氀氀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 栀愀搀 琀栀攀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 猀欀椀氀氀猀 琀漀 挀漀洀攀 琀漀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 樀甀搀最攀洀攀渀琀 爀愀琀栀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 琀漀 爀攀瀀攀愀琀 漀琀栀攀爀猀✀ 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀⸀ 一漀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 栀漀眀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 䤀渀搀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 猀琀甀搀椀攀猀 眀攀爀攀Ⰰ 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 爀攀愀氀椀稀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 戀礀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀 琀栀攀礀 挀漀甀氀搀 洀椀猀氀攀愀搀 椀昀 渀漀琀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 氀攀愀爀渀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 戀攀椀渀最 猀琀甀搀椀攀搀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 爀攀愀氀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀  挀愀洀攀 琀漀 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 攀愀爀氀礀 椀渀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 漀渀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀 眀栀攀渀 栀攀 猀漀甀最栀琀 栀攀氀瀀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀爀愀渀琀栀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀 愀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䨀愀渀愀洀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀欀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀 洀愀搀攀 戀礀 䔀爀渀攀猀琀 吀爀甀洀瀀瀀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	Trumpp, a German missionary linguist, had been retained by the India Office to translate the Sikh Scriptures. His work, which appeared in 1877, was widely repudiated by the Sikh community as inaccurate and misleading. In part, this repudiation stemmed from Trumpp's slanders of the Sikh tradition. But the problem with Trumpp's translation, as Macauliffe and later Max M&#363&#775&#775&#775&#775&#776&#776ller and other scholars realized, was basically linguistic. Trumpp disregarded the traditional interpretations. Instead, he read the Punjabi of the Scriptures in the light of its relation to Sanskrit. This tended to obscure the complex interplay of languages and dialects that characterize the sacred writings of the Sikhs. Trumpp's translation was further impaired because its English was awkward. Macauliffe's basic decision was to seek a fresh approach to the language of the Scriptures through the assistance of professional interpreters of the Sikh community.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀✀猀 愀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀 眀愀猀 昀爀愀甀最栀琀 眀椀琀栀 最爀攀愀琀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀椀攀猀⸀ 䠀攀 栀愀搀 琀漀 爀攀琀愀椀渀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 䜀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀栀椀攀昀 漀渀攀 眀愀猀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀渀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀氀漀渀最 眀椀琀栀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀 一椀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀渀搀 匀愀渀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 匀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀欀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀㬀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀 䐀椀琀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 䜀甀爀洀甀欀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀椀渀搀愀爀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀渀搀 一椀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀㬀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀 匀愀爀搀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀氀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 䜀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀Ⰰ 倀爀攀洀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 䘀愀琀攀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 愀渀搀 䐀愀爀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀㬀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 匀愀渀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 䬀愀瀀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀爀琀栀愀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㬀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䈀栀愀最瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 倀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀渀搀 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀猀愀甀渀搀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀昀 䘀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀漀稀攀瀀甀爀⸀ 圀栀椀氀攀 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 琀漀漀欀 挀愀爀攀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 瀀椀漀甀猀 愀渀搀 氀攀愀爀渀攀搀 洀攀渀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 栀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀瀀椀渀椀漀渀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 眀椀搀攀氀礀 愀琀 漀搀搀猀 眀椀琀栀 漀渀攀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀⸀ 䄀琀 琀椀洀攀猀Ⰰ 栀攀 昀攀氀琀 栀椀洀猀攀氀昀 搀爀椀瘀攀渀 琀漀 瘀攀砀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䠀攀 栀愀搀 琀漀 洀愀欀攀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 搀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀猀 愀洀漀渀最 瘀愀爀椀漀甀猀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀渀搀 漀昀琀攀渀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 愀渀搀 琀栀椀爀搀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 昀漀漀琀渀漀琀攀猀 眀栀攀渀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 椀爀爀攀猀漀氀瘀愀戀氀攀⸀ 夀攀琀 攀瘀攀渀 愀昀琀攀爀 栀椀猀 眀漀爀欀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 眀椀搀攀氀礀 愀挀挀氀愀椀洀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀Ⰰ 栀攀 爀攀愀氀椀稀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 漀琀栀攀爀 㰀椀㸀最椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 眀栀漀 挀漀甀氀搀 挀愀氀氀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 琀栀椀渀最 椀渀琀漀 焀甀攀猀琀椀漀渀⸀ ∀䤀 栀愀瘀攀 洀攀琀 猀漀ⴀ挀愀氀氀攀搀 㰀椀㸀最椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 眀栀漀 挀漀甀氀搀 瀀攀爀昀漀爀洀 㰀椀㸀琀漀甀爀猀 搀攀 昀漀爀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀椀爀 猀愀挀爀攀搀 眀漀爀欀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 最椀瘀攀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀琀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 攀瘀攀爀礀 氀椀渀攀 漀昀 椀琀⸀∀ 䘀椀渀愀氀氀礀 栀攀 眀愀猀 最甀椀搀攀搀 戀礀 栀漀眀 愀渀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀愀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 椀琀猀 挀漀渀琀攀砀琀 愀渀搀 眀栀攀琀栀攀爀 椀琀 眀愀猀 栀愀爀洀漀渀椀漀甀猀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀 搀漀挀琀爀椀渀攀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	The work of translation was not ended with consultations with the <i>gi&#257n&#299s</i>. They communicated with Macauliffe in various Punjabi dialects. The task of rendering their interpretation into English still remained. Yet even in this, he sought the counsel of the Sikh community. After completing a part of his translation, he would circulate it in proof-sheets to Sikh scholars for correction. From 1901 to 1903, his proofs were read by Bh&#257&#299 K&#257hn Si&#7749gh, D&#299w&#257n L&#299l&#257 R&#257m, Bh&#257&#299 Sha&#7749kar Day&#257l, Bh&#257&#299 Haz&#257r&#257 Si&#7749gh, Bh&#257&#299 Sard&#363l Si&#7749gh, Bh&#257&#299 Ditt Si&#7749gh, Bh&#257&#299 Bhagv&#257n Si&#7749gh and others. As the work of translation neared completion, Macauliffe faced the question of how to present it to the English-speaking   world.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ吀漀 瀀爀椀渀琀 琀栀攀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀爀愀渀琀栀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀 椀渀 椀琀猀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀 漀爀搀攀爀 眀漀甀氀搀 洀愀欀攀 椀琀 搀椀昀昀椀挀甀氀琀 琀漀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀 昀漀爀 琀栀漀猀攀 眀栀漀 眀攀爀攀 甀渀昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 眀椀琀栀 椀琀猀 栀椀猀琀漀爀椀挀愀氀 猀攀琀琀椀渀最⸀ 䄀氀猀漀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀✀猀 漀氀搀攀爀Ⰰ 漀爀琀栀漀搀漀砀 匀椀欀栀 昀爀椀攀渀搀猀 昀攀愀爀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 匀挀爀椀瀀琀甀爀攀 眀漀甀氀搀 渀漀琀 戀攀 猀栀漀眀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀瘀攀爀攀渀挀攀 搀甀攀 椀琀 眀栀攀渀 瀀氀愀挀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 栀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 琀栀漀猀攀 甀渀昀愀洀椀氀椀愀爀 眀椀琀栀 匀椀欀栀 瀀椀攀琀礀⸀ 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 昀漀甀渀搀 愀 栀愀瀀瀀礀 愀氀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀瘀攀 琀栀愀琀 搀攀愀氀琀 眀椀琀栀 戀漀琀栀 琀栀攀猀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀渀愀氀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 刀攀氀椀最椀漀渀 㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䠀攀 椀渀琀攀爀猀瀀攀爀猀攀搀 琀栀攀 栀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀猀 眀椀琀栀 瀀愀猀猀愀最攀猀 漀昀 匀挀爀椀瀀琀甀爀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 甀渀昀漀氀搀椀渀最 氀椀昀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀琀攀砀琀 昀漀爀 甀渀搀攀爀猀琀愀渀搀椀渀最 琀栀攀 匀挀爀椀瀀琀甀爀攀猀⸀ 嘀漀氀⸀ 䤀 搀攀愀氀猀 眀椀琀栀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀欀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀琀椀渀最 攀瘀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀渀⸀ 嘀漀氀⸀ 䤀䤀 搀攀愀氀猀 眀椀琀栀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䄀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最愀搀Ⰰ 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䄀洀愀爀 䐀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀 愀渀搀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀洀 䐀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀⸀ 嘀漀氀⸀ 䤀䤀䤀 椀猀 最椀瘀攀渀 漀瘀攀爀 琀漀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䄀爀樀愀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀氀攀 嘀漀氀⸀ 䤀嘀 琀攀氀氀猀 漀昀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䠀愀爀最漀戀椀渀搀Ⰰ 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䠀愀爀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀椀Ⰰ 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䠀愀爀 䬀爀椀猀栀愀渀 愀渀搀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 吀攀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀 䈀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀搀甀爀⸀ 嘀漀氀⸀ 嘀 椀猀 搀攀瘀漀琀攀搀 琀漀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀⸀ 嘀漀氀⸀ 嘀䤀 搀攀瀀愀爀琀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀椀猀 挀栀爀漀渀漀氀漀最椀挀愀氀 漀爀搀攀爀 琀漀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 琀栀攀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 䈀栀愀最愀琀猀 ⠀䈀栀愀欀琀愀猀⤀ 眀栀漀猀攀 栀礀洀渀猀 栀攀氀瀀 洀愀欀攀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀爀愀渀琀栀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	Macauliffe undertook his work with the realization that Sikhism was virtually an unknown religion. The measure of his success is that this is no longer true. <i>The Sikh Religion</i> placed before the world a comprehensive picture of Sikhism and its Scriptures. Macauliffe not only gathered together but went beyond what had been done before. His work made possible the modern scholarship that has followed. He correctly identified the linguistic context within which the Gur&#363 Granth S&#257hib was formed. Later scholars have gone beyond him and corrected his work at points as knowledge of the ancient language has increased.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ吀栀攀 氀椀琀攀爀愀爀礀 猀琀礀氀攀 漀昀 栀椀猀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀猀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 洀甀挀栀 搀攀戀愀琀攀搀⸀ 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀 眀爀漀琀攀 椀渀 愀 猀椀洀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 搀椀爀攀挀琀 猀琀礀氀攀⸀ 䠀攀 搀椀搀 琀栀椀猀 渀漀琀 漀渀氀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀爀攀猀琀 漀昀 挀氀愀爀椀琀礀 戀甀琀 愀氀猀漀 戀攀挀愀甀猀攀 栀攀 戀攀氀椀攀瘀攀搀 椀琀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀攀搀 洀漀爀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀氀礀 琀栀攀 猀琀礀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 栀礀洀渀猀 琀栀攀洀猀攀氀瘀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 渀漀琀 栀椀最栀 戀氀漀眀渀 氀椀琀攀爀愀爀礀 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀猀 戀甀椀氀琀 漀渀 挀氀愀猀猀椀挀愀氀 洀漀搀攀氀猀 戀甀琀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 愀 瀀椀攀琀礀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀漀渀 洀愀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀砀椀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀戀氀攀洀猀 漀昀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 栀愀瘀攀 礀攀琀 琀漀 戀攀 昀椀渀愀氀氀礀 猀漀氀瘀攀搀⸀ 唀渀琀椀氀 愀 眀漀爀欀 漀昀 攀焀甀愀氀 挀漀洀瀀爀攀栀攀渀猀椀瘀攀渀攀猀猀 椀渀琀攀最爀愀琀攀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 漀昀 洀漀爀攀 爀攀挀攀渀琀 猀挀栀漀氀愀爀猀栀椀瀀Ⰰ 䴀愀挀愀甀氀椀昀昀攀✀猀 琀爀愀渀猀氀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀氀氀 爀攀洀愀椀渀 愀 戀愀猀椀挀 眀椀琀渀攀猀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀爀愀渀琀栀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀椀戀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
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BIBLIOGRAPHY<p class="C1"><ol class="C1"><li class="C1"> Harbans Singh, "Scholarly Study of Sikhism&#8221, <i>The Journal of Religious Studies</i>. Patiala, 1970.<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀㰀椀㸀倀愀渀樀愀戀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 䌀漀渀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 倀爀漀挀攀攀搀椀渀最猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 倀愀琀椀愀氀愀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㄀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Darshan Singh, <i>Western Perspective on the Sikh Religion</i>. Delhi, 1991.<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䰀漀攀栀氀椀渀Ⰰ 䌀⸀䠀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀吀栀攀 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀 䄀瀀瀀爀漀愀挀栀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀㘀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Barrier, N.G., <i>The Sikhs and Their Literature, 1849-1919</i>. Delhi, 1970.<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䴀挀䰀攀漀搀Ⰰ 圀⸀䠀⸀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀吀攀砀琀甀愀氀 匀漀甀爀挀攀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 匀琀甀搀礀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀椀猀洀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䴀愀渀挀栀攀猀琀攀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㐀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Fauja Singh, <i>Historians and Historiography of the Sikhs</i>. Delhi, 1978<BR>਍㰀⼀漀氀㸀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀伀一吀∀㸀䐀漀渀愀氀搀 䜀⸀ 䐀愀眀攀㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
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