<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>PUNJAB</TITLE>਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ
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<p class="C1">&#65279PUNJAB, now divided into two parts apportioned one each to India and Pakistan is geographically and historically one compact region comprising the plains of the Indus river basin. The name Punjab, a compound of two Persian words, <i>Pañj</i> (five) and <i>&#257b</i> (water),literally signifies &#8216the land of five rivers', the major tributaries of the River Indus. Historically, the Punjab as the name of the region first finds mention in the writings of the Muslim traveller, Ibn Bat&#363t&#257, who visited India during the 14th century. It was, however, not until the latter half of the 16th century that the term came into wider currency. The ancients called it Sapt Sindhu or Sapt Sindhava, lit.(the land of) seven rivers. These seven rivers were: Sindhu (Indus or Sindh); Vitasta (Jhelum pronounced Jihlam); Asikn&#299, Chandrabh&#257g&#257 (Chen&#257b, pronounced Chan&#257b); Puru&#7779&#7751&#299, Ir&#257vat&#299 (R&#257v&#299); Vip&#257s&#257 (Be&#257s, pronounced Bi&#257s); Studra (Sutlej pronounced Satluj); and Sarasvat&#299 (now a seasonal stream losing itself in  R&#257jasth&#257n desert). It was also called Pañchnad, lit.(the country of) five rivers, in later Sanskrit literature. Haft Hindu, a Persian version of the former name, also appears in <i>Zend Avesta</i>, the famous religious book of ancient Iran. Centuries later, the Greeks called it Penta Potamia , the Greek version of Pañchnad. Later, some other names such as Madra De&#347, V&#257hika De&#347 and &#7788akka De&#347 came into vogue depending upon which of these tribes was dominant at the time. Ultimately, however, the Persian nomenclature, Pañj&#257b (spelt Punjab in English) proved lasting and has come down to the present time. This literal geographical definition has, however, had little relevance to historical Punjab over the centuries. Both under the Sikhs and the British it covered a far larger territory ---- the entire Indus basin and the watershed between the Indus and the Gangetic plains. Jamm&#363 and Kashm&#299r were sliced off to form a separate princely state in 1849, the trans-Indus region was separated in 1901 to form the North-West Frontier Province, Delhi conclave was created in 1911; and in 1947, the remaining British province of Punjab was partitioned into West Punjab and East Punjab. The former with an area of 158,347 square km and population 18,288,015(1951) went to Pakistan and the latter with an area of 95,687 square km and population 12,641,205 (1951) remained  with India. In 1956, Pa&#7789i&#257l&#257 and East Punjab States Union (PEPSU), a 'B' class state comprising eight princely states, was amalgamated with the Punjab, but 10 years later, on 1 November 1966, a further vivisection took away the southern and south eastern districts to create the new state of Hary&#257&#7751&#257, while the hill district of K&#257&#7749gr&#257 and Un&#257 <i>tahs&#299l</i> of Hoshi&#257rpur district were joined with Him&#257chal Pradesh, formerly a 'C' class state comprising the princely hill states, to make it a full fledged state or governor's province. Another segment, Cha&#7751&#7693&#299garh, became a Union Territory administered by the Central government through a Chief Commissioner.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ吀栀攀 瀀爀攀ⴀ倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀 倀甀渀樀愀戀Ⰰ 爀愀椀渀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀甀猀 愀渀搀 椀琀猀 昀椀瘀攀 琀爀椀戀甀琀愀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 搀椀瘀椀搀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 昀漀甀爀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 爀攀最椀漀渀猀Ⰰ 瘀椀稀⸀ 琀栀攀 攀愀猀琀攀爀渀 洀漀甀渀琀愀椀渀漀甀猀 爀攀最椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 瀀氀愀椀渀Ⰰ 渀漀爀琀栀ⴀ眀攀猀琀攀爀渀 猀攀洀椀愀爀椀搀 愀爀攀愀猀 猀攀瀀愀爀愀琀攀搀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 瀀氀愀椀渀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀愀氀琀 刀愀渀最攀 愀渀搀 猀攀洀椀ⴀ搀攀猀攀爀琀 漀昀 猀漀甀琀栀攀爀渀 倀甀渀樀愀戀⸀ 䄀渀漀琀栀攀爀 渀愀琀甀爀愀氀 搀椀瘀椀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 瀀氀愀椀渀Ⰰ 椀猀 椀渀琀漀 昀椀瘀攀 㰀椀㸀搀漀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀氀愀渀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀眀漀 爀椀瘀攀爀猀⤀ ☀⌀㠀㈀㄀㈀ 匀椀渀搀栀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最愀爀 䐀漀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䤀渀搀甀猀 愀渀搀 䨀栀攀氀甀洀㬀 䌀栀愀樀樀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䨀栀攀氀甀洀 愀渀搀 䌀栀攀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀㬀 刀愀挀栀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 䌀栀攀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 愀渀搀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀瘀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㬀 䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀瘀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 愀渀搀 䈀攀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀猀㬀 䈀椀猀琀 䨀愀氀愀渀搀栀愀爀 漀爀 猀椀洀瀀氀礀 䨀愀氀愀渀搀栀愀爀 䐀漀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀㬀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀椀猀ⴀ匀甀琀氀攀樀 琀爀愀挀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 ⠀䤀渀搀椀愀⤀ 椀猀 氀椀洀椀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 甀瀀瀀攀爀 䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 ⠀䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀⤀ 愀渀搀 䨀愀氀愀渀搀栀愀爀 䐀愀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 ⠀䐀漀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀椀猀ⴀ匀甀琀氀攀樀 琀爀愀挀琀 ⠀䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀⤀⸀ 吀栀愀渀欀猀 琀漀 椀爀爀椀最愀琀椀漀渀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀攀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀瘀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 椀猀 渀漀 氀漀渀最攀爀 愀 猀攀洀椀ⴀ搀攀猀攀爀琀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀漀椀氀 愀氀氀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀椀渀 椀猀 愀氀氀甀瘀椀愀氀 愀渀搀 栀椀最栀氀礀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀琀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 爀愀椀渀 洀漀搀攀爀愀琀攀 ⠀㔀　ⴀ㘀　 挀洀⤀ 洀愀椀渀氀礀 昀爀漀洀 猀甀洀洀攀爀 洀漀渀猀漀漀渀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 挀氀椀洀愀琀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀琀猀 攀砀琀爀攀洀攀猀 漀昀 戀漀琀栀 栀攀愀琀 愀渀搀 挀漀氀搀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	Historically, on the basis of archaeological finds from excavations conducted in the So&#257&#7749 Valley in the Sindh-S&#257gar Do&#257b estimated to be dating back to the first and the second inter glacial periods, Punjab may be the earliest habitation of man in this part of the world. Evidence of the highly developed Indus civilization is clearly available from several excavation sites in B&#257r&#299 Do&#257b and along the Sutlej basin. The Aryans, a pastoral people, who entered India between 2500 BC and 1500 BC in successive waves, first settled here. It was in the Sapt Sindhu that the first Vedic hymns were composed and sung. In what is called the post-Vedic period, Punjab witnessed the rise of a number of small independent states, some monarchical, others oligarchies and republics known as <i>ga&#7751gs</i> or <i>mah&#257janapad&#257s</i>. In the 6th century BC, Punjab attracted the attention of the Achaemenian rulers of Persia. The conquest did not extend beyond a narrow strip along the Indus, yet the contact did result in the Punjab being exposed to influences from the West. Alexander's invasion in 326 BC was stemmed by the stiff resistance offered by states of the region and he was made to retreat from the bank of the Be&#257s. The Mauryan empire established soon after ended the short-lived Greek occupation of the Punjab, but the cultural effects of the invasion far outweighed its political consequences. The Mauryan emperors maintained diplomatic contacts with Greek successors of Alexander, and Hellenic influence contributed considerably to the growth and efflorescence of the G&#257ndh&#257ra school of art and architecture now best represented by the finds at the ruins of Tak&#7779a&#347ila (Taxil&#257) near R&#257walpi&#7751&#7693&#299 (now in Pakistan). On the other hand, the reign of Emperor A&#347oka(268-232 sc)saw Buddhism at the peak of its glory in India, and Tak&#7779a&#347ila, like N&#257landa in the eastern parts, became a great seat of learning which continued to flourish for several centuries.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ吀栀攀 䴀愀甀爀礀愀渀 攀洀瀀椀爀攀 搀攀挀氀椀渀攀搀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀琀栀 漀昀 䄀猀漀欀愀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀甀氀琀 眀愀猀 琀栀愀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䈀䌀 琀栀攀 䈀愀挀琀爀椀愀渀⸀ 䜀爀攀攀欀猀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 爀甀氀攀 椀渀 倀甀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㤀欀愀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀瘀愀琀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 ⠀倀攀猀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀眀愀爀⤀Ⰰ 吀愀砀椀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀渀搀 匀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀欀愀氀愀 ⠀匀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀欀漀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀⤀⸀ 吀栀攀礀 眀攀爀攀 猀甀挀挀攀攀搀攀搀 戀礀 䬀甀☀⌀㌀㐀㜀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀猀 戀甀琀Ⰰ 猀漀漀渀 愀昀琀攀爀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 漀渀氀礀 渀漀琀愀戀氀攀 欀椀渀最Ⰰ 䬀愀渀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㤀欀愀Ⰰ 椀渀 㰀椀㸀挀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ ㄀㘀㈀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀漀挀愀氀 㰀椀㸀洀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀愀渀愀瀀愀搀愀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 爀攀愀猀猀攀爀琀攀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 䜀甀瀀琀愀 攀洀瀀椀爀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 愀琀 琀栀攀 瀀攀愀欀 漀昀 椀琀猀 瀀漀眀攀爀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 㐀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 䄀䐀 甀瀀爀漀漀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀爀椀戀愀氀 爀攀瀀甀戀氀椀挀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀愀瘀愀猀Ⰰ 夀愀甀搀栀攀礀愀猀 愀渀搀 䄀爀樀甀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀礀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀愀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀甀琀氀攀樀ⴀ夀愀洀甀渀愀 眀愀琀攀爀猀栀攀搀 愀渀搀 䴀愀搀爀愀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 甀瀀瀀攀爀 䐀漀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀猀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 琀漀 攀砀椀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 琀椀氀氀 琀栀攀 䠀甀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀愀 椀渀瘀愀猀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 氀愀琀攀爀 栀愀氀昀 漀昀 琀栀攀 㔀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 倀甀渀樀愀戀 瀀愀猀猀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 愀 琀攀爀爀椀戀氀攀 挀爀椀猀椀猀 搀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 䠀甀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀愀 爀甀氀攀⸀ 䄀 戀愀爀戀愀爀椀愀渀 瀀攀漀瀀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䠀甀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀愀猀 搀攀猀琀爀漀礀攀搀 吀愀砀椀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀渀搀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 漀琀栀攀爀 昀氀漀甀爀椀猀栀椀渀最 琀漀眀渀猀㬀 䈀甀搀搀栀椀猀琀 挀攀渀琀爀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀 琀愀爀最攀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀椀爀 搀攀瀀爀攀搀愀琀椀漀渀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	The decline of the Hu&#7751as towards the middle of the 6th century paved the way for the rise of the Takk&#299s in the north of Sutlej and the Vardhanas of Th&#257nesar in the south. The Takk&#299 ascendancy endured longer than the Vardhana sway which. registered a rapid decline after King  Har&#7779a's death in 647, The power vacuum in the Punjab during the 8th century led to a prolonged struggle between the Utpales of Kashm&#299r and Gurjar-Pratih&#257rs of Kanauj. Ultimately a new power known as the Hind&#363sh&#257his established itself in the Punjab by the middle of the 9th century and dominated the entire region northwest of the Yamun&#257 including parts of Afghanistan for over a century, after which they were overcome by the Muslim rulers of <u>Gh</u>azn&#299 of whom Mahm&#363d of <u>Gh</u>azn&#299 is the most famous.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ䴀愀栀洀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀搀✀猀 爀攀瀀攀愀琀攀搀 椀渀瘀愀猀椀漀渀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 ㄀　　㄀ 愀渀搀 ㄀　㈀㘀 眀攀爀攀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀氀礀 瀀氀甀渀搀攀爀椀渀最 爀愀椀搀猀 眀椀琀栀 渀漀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 愀琀 瀀攀爀洀愀渀攀渀琀 挀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 栀攀 搀椀搀 愀渀渀攀砀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 搀漀眀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 匀甀琀氀攀樀 琀漀 䄀昀最栀愀渀椀猀琀愀渀⸀ 吀栀甀猀 䴀甀猀氀椀洀 爀甀氀攀 椀渀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 眀愀猀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 ㄀㜀㈀ 礀攀愀爀猀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 椀琀猀 愀搀瘀攀渀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀Ⰰ 挀氀漀猀椀渀最 礀攀愀爀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㈀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 眀栀攀渀 匀栀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 甀搀ⴀ䐀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀渀 㰀甀㸀䜀栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀甀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 漀挀挀甀瀀椀攀搀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 琀栀攀 眀栀漀氀攀 漀昀 一漀爀琀栀 䤀渀搀椀愀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 琀栀攀渀 漀渀眀愀爀搀猀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀攀氀栀椀 匀甀氀琀愀渀愀琀攀 爀甀氀攀搀 漀渀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 愀渀漀琀栀攀爀 戀礀 猀攀瘀攀爀愀氀 搀礀渀愀猀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 吀甀爀欀猀 愀渀搀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀猀 甀渀琀椀氀 䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀愀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䴀甀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀 爀甀氀攀爀 漀爀椀最椀渀愀氀氀礀 漀昀 䘀愀爀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 椀渀 䌀攀渀琀爀愀氀 䄀猀椀愀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀渀 漀昀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀甀氀Ⰰ 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀 琀栀攀 氀愀猀琀 䰀漀搀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 匀甀氀琀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀Ⰰ 䤀戀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀洀Ⰰ 椀渀 ㄀㔀㈀㘀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 猀漀漀渀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 琀栀攀 洀愀猀琀攀爀 漀昀 一漀爀琀栀 䤀渀搀椀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 䴀甀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀 爀甀氀攀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 甀渀椀渀琀攀爀爀甀瀀琀攀搀 昀漀爀 愀戀漀甀琀 琀眀漀 挀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀 攀砀挀攀瀀琀 愀 ㄀㔀 礀攀愀爀 椀渀琀攀爀瘀愀氀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 琀栀攀 搀攀昀攀愀琀 漀昀 䠀甀洀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀礀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀 愀琀 琀栀攀 栀愀渀搀猀 漀昀 匀栀攀爀 匀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀栀 匀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 椀渀 ㄀㔀㐀　⸀ 吀栀攀 洀漀猀琀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀椀漀搀 眀椀琀栀攀 爀椀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 愀猀 愀 渀攀眀 爀攀氀椀最椀漀甀猀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀椀爀 琀爀愀渀猀昀漀爀洀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 㰀甀㸀䬀栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀猀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀Ⰰ 愀 猀琀爀漀渀最 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 昀漀爀挀攀 搀攀猀琀椀渀攀搀 琀漀 猀琀攀瀀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 瀀漀眀攀爀 最愀瀀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 爀愀瀀椀搀 搀攀挀氀椀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀甀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀 攀洀瀀椀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 栀愀氀昀 漀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㠀琀栀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 椀渀琀漀 愀 氀漀漀猀攀 挀漀渀昀攀搀攀爀愀挀礀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀洀椀猀氀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀椀琀椀攀猀 猀瀀爀攀愀搀 漀瘀攀爀 琀栀攀 瘀愀猀琀 瀀氀愀椀渀猀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 琀栀攀 夀愀洀甀渀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀甀猀Ⰰ 眀攀爀攀 昀椀爀洀氀礀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 瀀漀眀攀爀 戀礀 ㄀㜀㘀㔀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 搀攀昀攀愀琀攀搀 戀漀琀栀 琀栀攀 䴀甀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀愀氀猀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䄀昀㰀甀㸀最栀㰀⼀甀㸀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀猀 椀渀 愀氀漀渀最 搀爀愀眀渀 眀愀爀 漀昀 愀琀琀爀椀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䠀愀氀昀 愀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 氀愀琀攀爀Ⰰ 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 氀攀愀搀攀爀 漀昀 漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 㰀椀㸀洀椀猀氀猀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 洀愀猀琀攀爀 漀昀 䰀愀栀漀爀攀 猀椀渀挀攀㄀㜀㤀㤀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 栀椀猀 猀甀瀀爀攀洀愀挀礀 愀渀搀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 漀渀 愀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 挀漀渀焀甀攀猀琀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 甀渀椀昀椀攀搀 甀渀搀攀爀 栀椀洀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 渀漀爀琀栀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀甀琀氀攀樀 愀渀搀 洀愀爀欀攀搀 戀礀 椀渀琀攀爀渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 戀漀甀渀搀愀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 瀀爀攀ⴀ倀愀爀琀椀琀椀漀渀 䤀渀搀椀愀⸀ 䘀漀爀琀礀 礀攀愀爀猀 漀昀 刀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀樀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀琀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 爀甀氀攀 昀爀漀洀 ㄀㜀㤀㤀 琀漀 ㄀㠀㌀㤀 最愀瘀攀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 瀀攀愀挀攀Ⰰ 猀琀愀戀椀氀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 瀀爀漀猀瀀攀爀椀琀礀 琀栀攀 氀椀欀攀 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀琀 栀愀搀 渀漀琀 欀渀漀眀渀 昀漀爀 愀 眀栀漀氀攀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 瀀爀椀漀爀 琀漀 栀椀猀 爀椀猀攀⸀ 䠀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀 猀漀 瀀愀椀渀猀琀愀欀椀渀最氀礀 戀甀椀氀琀 戀礀 栀椀洀 猀甀爀瘀椀瘀攀搀 昀漀爀 渀漀琀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 愀 搀攀挀愀搀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 栀椀猀 搀攀愀琀栀⸀ 䤀琀 眀愀猀 愀渀渀攀砀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䈀爀椀琀椀猀栀 搀漀洀椀渀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 ㄀㠀㐀㤀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	The impact of British rule produced far reaching changes in all spheres of Punjab 's life, socio- religious as well as economic and administrative. Comprehensive land surveys were carried out and proper records of land holdings prepared. A network of canals, newly dug, brought vast barren tracts of land under cultivation. With the spread of modern state-regulated education, a scientific outlook and new ideas of rationalism, humanism, liberty and democracy leavened the outlook of the people. Socio-religious reform movements sprang up in all communities. These, however, while bringing in fresh awakening and enlightenment among the masses, intensified communal feelings which, under communal representation introduced by the British while introducing democratic constitutional reforms, resulted in a growing hiatus between Muslim majority on the one hand, and Hindus and Sikhs on the other. The result was bifurcation of the Punjab on communal basis and the consequent blood bath and mass migrations of 1947. Practically no Hindu or Sikh remained  in Pakistan part of the Punjab while most Muslims of the Indian Punjab went over to Pakistan. But with the fear of Muslim domination gone, Hindus and Sikhs of the Indian Punjab soon fell out over the question of language. The latter wanted Punjabi to be the official language as well as medium of instruction and examination in Punjab, while the former wanted Hindi to be given this status. They even denied during the decennial census that Punjabi was their mother tongue, thus stalling for several years the declaration  of Punjab as a linguistic state. The result was a further division of Punjab and the limitation of the present Punjab to a few Sikh majority districts.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ吀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 挀漀渀猀椀搀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 愀猀 琀栀攀椀爀 栀漀洀攀氀愀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 琀漀搀愀礀 椀猀 愀洀漀渀最 琀栀攀 猀洀愀氀氀攀爀 猀琀愀琀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䤀渀搀椀愀渀 唀渀椀漀渀⸀ 圀椀琀栀 愀渀 愀爀攀愀 漀昀 㔀　Ⰰ㌀㘀㈀ 猀焀甀愀爀攀 欀洀Ⰰ 倀甀渀樀愀戀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㄀ 爀攀挀漀爀搀攀搀 愀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 ㈀Ⰰ　㈀Ⰰ㠀㄀Ⰰ㤀㘀㤀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 ㈀⸀㐀─ 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀✀猀 琀漀琀愀氀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 搀攀渀猀椀琀礀 漀昀 㐀　㌀ 瀀攀爀 猀焀甀愀爀攀 欀洀⸀ 䌀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀ⴀ眀椀猀攀 椀琀 栀愀猀 㘀㈀⸀㤀㔀 ─ 匀椀欀栀猀Ⰰ ㌀㐀⸀㐀㘀 ─ 䠀椀渀搀甀猀Ⰰ ㄀⸀㄀㠀─ 䴀甀猀氀椀洀猀 愀渀搀 ㄀⸀㄀㄀─ 䌀栀爀椀猀琀椀愀渀猀⸀ 匀攀砀ⴀ爀愀琀椀漀 椀渀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 琀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 甀渀昀愀瘀漀甀爀愀戀氀攀Ⰰ 椀洀瀀爀漀瘀攀搀 洀愀爀最椀渀愀氀氀礀 搀甀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㠀㄀ⴀ㤀㄀ 愀渀搀 眀愀猀 㠀㠀㈀ 愀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㤀㄀ 挀攀渀猀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀漀甀最栀 椀琀 椀猀 猀琀椀氀氀 氀漀眀攀爀 琀栀愀渀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 漀昀 㤀㈀㤀⸀伀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䴀愀椀渀 爀攀愀猀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 洀愀氀攀 瀀爀攀搀漀洀椀渀愀渀挀攀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 氀愀爀最攀 猀挀愀氀攀 洀椀最爀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 洀愀氀攀 氀愀戀漀甀爀 椀渀琀漀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀⸀ 圀栀椀氀攀 琀栀攀爀攀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 愀 最爀愀搀甀愀氀 搀攀挀氀椀渀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 搀攀愀琀栀 爀愀琀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 戀椀爀琀栀 爀愀琀攀 栀愀猀 爀攀洀愀椀渀攀搀  甀渀挀栀愀渀最攀搀 昀漀爀 愀 氀漀渀最 琀椀洀攀⸀ 䈀愀猀攀搀 漀渀 猀愀洀瀀氀攀 爀攀最椀猀琀爀愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 戀椀爀琀栀 爀愀琀攀 椀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㄀ 眀愀猀 ㈀㜀⸀㜀 瀀攀爀 琀栀漀甀猀愀渀搀 愀渀搀 搀攀愀琀栀 爀愀琀攀 㜀⸀㠀⸀ 吀爀愀搀椀琀椀漀渀愀氀氀礀 爀甀爀愀氀Ⰰ 氀椀欀攀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀琀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀Ⰰ 甀爀戀愀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 最爀愀搀甀愀氀氀礀 椀渀挀爀攀愀猀椀渀最⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㜀㄀Ⰰ ㈀㔀⸀㜀㌀ ─ 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀✀猀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 氀椀瘀攀搀 椀渀 琀漀眀渀猀 愀渀搀 挀椀琀椀攀猀⸀ 䤀渀 ㄀㤀㤀㄀Ⰰ 琀栀椀猀 瀀攀爀挀攀渀琀愀最攀 眀愀猀 ㈀㤀⸀㔀㔀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 漀昀 ㈀㌀⸀㜀㌀⸀ 伀昀 琀栀攀 ㄀㈀　 甀爀戀愀渀 氀漀挀愀氀椀琀椀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀Ⰰ 栀漀眀攀瘀攀爀Ⰰ 漀渀氀礀 ㄀　 愀爀攀 挀氀愀猀猀 䤀 挀椀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 椀⸀攀⸀ 琀栀漀猀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 攀砀挀攀攀搀椀渀最 ㄀Ⰰ　　Ⰰ　　　⸀ 吀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀 栀愀瘀椀渀最 渀漀 洀椀渀攀爀愀氀 爀攀猀漀甀爀挀攀猀 漀昀 椀琀猀 漀眀渀 栀愀猀 瘀椀爀琀甀愀氀氀礀 渀漀 氀愀爀最攀 猀挀愀氀攀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀礀 戀甀琀 椀猀 眀攀氀氀 愀搀瘀愀渀挀攀搀 椀渀 猀洀愀氀氀ⴀ愀渀搀ⴀ洀攀搀椀甀洀  猀挀愀氀攀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 洀漀猀琀氀礀 愀最爀漀 戀愀猀攀搀 愀渀搀 挀漀渀猀甀洀攀爀 最漀漀搀猀 甀渀椀琀猀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㤀㌀ⴀ㤀㐀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 猀洀愀氀氀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 甀渀椀琀猀 眀愀猀 ㄀Ⰰ㠀㐀Ⰰ㠀㜀㔀 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 漀昀 洀攀搀椀甀洀 愀渀搀ⴀ氀愀爀最攀ⴀ猀挀愀氀攀 甀渀椀琀猀 㐀㐀　⸀ 吀漀最攀琀栀攀爀 琀栀攀礀 瀀爀漀瘀椀搀攀搀 攀洀瀀氀漀礀洀攀渀琀 琀漀 㤀Ⰰ㔀㄀Ⰰ㈀㈀㘀 眀漀爀欀攀爀猀Ⰰ 漀昀 眀栀椀挀栀 㜀㤀⸀㐀㘀─ 眀攀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 猀洀愀氀氀ⴀ猀挀愀氀攀 猀攀挀琀漀爀⸀ 伀渀攀 爀攀愀猀漀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀✀猀 椀渀搀甀猀琀爀椀愀氀 戀愀挀欀眀愀爀搀渀攀猀猀 椀猀 瀀漀漀爀 愀氀氀漀挀愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 椀琀 漀昀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 猀攀挀琀漀爀 攀渀琀攀爀瀀爀椀猀攀猀 眀栀椀挀栀 椀猀 最漀瘀攀爀渀攀搀 戀礀 琀栀攀 唀渀椀漀渀 最漀瘀攀爀渀洀攀渀琀⸀ 䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 猀椀砀 㔀 礀攀愀爀 瀀氀愀渀猀 ⠀㄀㤀㔀㄀ⴀ㠀㔀⤀Ⰰ 倀甀渀樀愀戀 ✀猀 猀栀愀爀攀 椀渀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀 猀攀挀琀漀爀 漀甀琀氀愀礀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 挀氀漀猀攀 琀漀 ㈀⸀　─ 愀渀搀 栀愀猀 渀漀琀 猀椀最渀椀昀椀挀愀渀琀氀礀 挀栀愀渀最攀搀 猀椀渀挀攀 琀栀攀渀⸀ 吀栀攀 漀瘀攀爀愀氀氀 最爀漀眀琀栀 爀愀琀攀 椀渀 琀攀爀洀猀 漀昀 䜀爀漀猀猀 匀琀愀琀攀 䤀渀挀漀洀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㤀㌀ⴀ㤀㐀 愀琀 ㄀㤀㠀　ⴀ㠀㄀ 瀀爀椀挀攀猀 眀愀猀 㐀⸀㤀㐀─ 瀀攀爀 愀渀渀甀洀 愀猀 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 㐀⸀㌀─ 瀀攀爀 愀渀渀甀洀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 挀漀甀渀琀爀礀 愀猀 愀 眀栀漀氀攀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	Agriculture continues to be the mainstay of Punjab's economy. The progress made by its agricultural sector has attracted international notice. The overall rate of growth of agriculture between 1949-50 and 1992-93 was of the order of 2.71% per annum which is the highest in the country. The index of agricultural production shows that there was nearly eleven fold increase in the index of food grains during the period 1960-61 to 1994-95. Much of it is accounted for by the exceptionally high rate of growth in wheat and rice. Its per hectare yield of wheat was 4,0 11 kg in 1993-94 and that of rice 3,507 kg. The net area sown in 1994-95 was 83% of the total reporting area, the highest in the country. There is a corresponding dearth of forest resources. Only 4.17% of the total reporting area is covered by forests which is far below the national average of 22.3% (199 1-92). Cropping pattern in the State has undergone substantial change since the adoption of new technology in the mid-1960's. Wheat and rice are by far the major crops although cotton, oilseeds, maize, millets, barley, pulses, fruit and vegetables are also grown. Together, the output of food grains in the State reached a record level of 2,15,75,000 tons in 1993 94 which is more than 17.34% of the total output in the country. In 1994-95, Punjab contributed 61.0% of the total wheat and 44.0% of total rice procured for the country's central pool. Dairying and poultry farming are also popular as subsidiary occupations in the farm sector.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ䤀爀爀椀最愀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 欀攀礀 瘀愀爀椀愀戀氀攀 眀栀椀挀栀 搀攀琀攀爀洀椀渀攀猀 琀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 漀琀栀攀爀 洀漀搀攀爀渀 椀渀瀀甀琀猀 愀渀搀 洀攀挀栀愀渀椀挀愀氀 洀攀愀渀猀 漀昀 昀愀爀洀椀渀最Ⰰ 椀猀 琀栀攀 欀攀礀 琀漀 倀甀渀樀愀戀✀猀 瀀爀漀最爀攀猀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀 昀椀攀氀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 愀爀攀愀 椀爀爀椀最愀琀攀搀 爀攀愀挀栀攀搀 愀 氀攀瘀攀氀 漀昀 㤀㌀─ 漀昀 琀栀攀 渀攀琀 愀爀攀愀 猀漀眀渀 搀甀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㤀㌀ⴀ㤀㐀⸀ 圀攀氀氀猀Ⰰ 琀甀戀攀眀攀氀氀猀 愀渀搀 瀀甀洀瀀椀渀最 猀攀琀猀 猀甀瀀瀀氀椀攀搀 眀愀琀攀爀 琀漀 㘀㄀─ 漀昀 琀栀攀 椀爀爀椀最愀琀攀搀 愀爀攀愀 愀渀搀 挀愀渀愀氀猀 琀漀 琀栀攀 爀攀洀愀椀渀椀渀最 ㌀㤀─⸀吀栀攀 挀漀渀猀甀洀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 挀栀攀洀椀挀愀氀 昀攀爀琀椀氀椀稀攀爀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 眀愀猀 ㌀　㔀⸀㠀㄀欀最 瀀攀爀 栀攀挀琀愀爀攀 搀甀爀椀渀最 ㄀㤀㤀㐀ⴀ㤀㔀 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 洀漀爀攀 琀栀愀渀 昀漀甀爀 琀椀洀攀猀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 漀昀 㜀㌀⸀㠀㠀 欀最 瀀攀爀 栀攀挀琀愀爀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 甀猀攀 漀昀 栀椀最栀 礀椀攀氀搀椀渀最 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 猀攀攀搀猀 挀漀瘀攀爀猀 愀氀洀漀猀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀琀椀爀攀 猀漀眀渀 愀爀攀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 䄀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 愀琀 䰀甀搀栀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 栀愀猀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 愀 氀攀愀搀椀渀最 爀漀氀攀 椀渀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀椀渀最 渀攀眀 瘀愀爀椀攀琀椀攀猀 漀昀 栀椀最栀 礀椀攀氀搀椀渀最 挀爀漀瀀猀 愀渀搀 椀渀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀椀稀椀渀最 洀漀搀攀爀渀 洀攀琀栀漀搀猀 漀昀 愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀攀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	Another factor in Punjab's high productivity is the nature and size of landholdings. Most of the landholdings are family-operated. The average size of owned landholdings was only 5.06 acres in 1971-72 and has further declined because of land ceiling and the law of inheritance. The average size of operational landholdings, 10.01 acres in 1971-72, has also somewhat declined in spite of capital intensive technology being increasingly adopted by the farming community. About 20% of tractors in, the country are concentrated in the Punjab. On an average, in 1994-95, there was one tractor for every 11.46 hectares and one tubewell for every 4.89 hectares of net area sown. Of the 6,343.9 million kwh consumption of electricity in 1994-95, agriculture accounted for 39.97%, industry for 36.59%,and domestic, commercial and public lighting for the remaining 23.44%. Per capita consumption of electricity in the State (689.43 kwh in 1993-94) was the highest in the country. Communications, especially road communications, are also well developed. A network of roads links all villages, towns and cities with marketing centres, industrial towns, district and state headquarters, and with main national highways. By March 1995, the State had 93.0 km of roads per 100 square km, of which 83.9% were black-topped. In March 1995, the State had 17,69,755 vehicles which included 13,45,064 passenger-carrying and 67,675 goods-carrying, but excluded 3,54,378 tractors used in the farm sector both for carrying goods and passengers.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ倀甀渀樀愀戀 椀猀 猀氀椀最栀琀氀礀 愀栀攀愀搀 漀昀 琀栀攀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 猀琀愀渀搀愀爀搀猀 椀渀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀琀 栀愀猀 愀 瀀爀椀洀愀爀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 椀渀 攀瘀攀爀礀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀Ⰰ 愀 洀椀搀搀氀攀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 愀 爀愀搀椀甀猀 漀昀 ㈀ 欀洀 愀渀搀 愀 栀椀最栀 猀挀栀漀漀氀 眀椀琀栀椀渀 愀 爀愀搀椀甀猀 漀昀 ㈀⸀㘀 欀洀⸀ 䄀琀 琀栀攀 攀渀搀 漀昀 ㄀㤀㤀㐀Ⰰ 琀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 ㄀㜀Ⰰ㌀㐀㐀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀椀漀渀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 匀琀愀琀攀⸀ 吀栀攀猀攀 椀渀挀氀甀搀攀搀 ㌀ 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ ㈀ 洀甀氀琀椀ⴀ昀愀挀甀氀琀礀Ⰰ 瘀椀稀⸀ 倀甀渀樀愀戀椀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 愀琀 倀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㠀㤀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 愀渀搀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 一☀⌀㈀㔀㜀渀愀欀 䐀攀瘀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 愀琀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀 ⠀戀攀猀椀搀攀猀 漀昀 挀漀甀爀猀攀 琀栀攀 倀甀樀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀戀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 愀琀 䌀栀愀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㜀㘀㤀㌀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀最愀☀⌀㜀㜀㜀㄀栀 琀漀 眀栀椀挀栀 猀漀洀攀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀猀 漀昀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 愀氀漀渀攀 愀爀攀 愀昀昀椀氀椀愀琀攀搀⤀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 漀渀攀 䄀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀椀琀礀 愀琀 䰀甀搀栀椀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀㬀 ㈀㠀 瀀爀漀昀攀猀猀椀漀渀愀氀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀猀Ⰰ ㄀㜀㜀 愀爀琀猀Ⰰ 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 挀漀洀洀攀爀挀攀 愀渀搀 栀漀洀攀 猀挀椀攀渀挀攀 挀漀氀氀攀最攀猀㬀 愀渀搀 ㈀Ⰰ㤀㜀㌀ 栀椀最栀 愀渀搀 栀椀最栀攀爀 猀攀挀漀渀搀愀爀礀 猀挀栀漀漀氀猀 戀攀猀椀搀攀猀 愀 渀甀洀戀攀爀 漀昀 椀渀猀琀椀琀甀琀攀猀 昀漀爀 琀攀挀栀渀椀挀愀氀 琀爀愀椀渀椀渀最⸀ 䄀挀挀漀爀搀椀渀最  琀漀 ㄀㤀㤀㄀挀攀渀猀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 爀愀琀攀 漀昀 氀椀琀攀爀愀挀礀 椀渀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 眀愀猀 㔀㠀⸀㔀㄀─ ⠀㘀㔀⸀㘀㘀 昀漀爀 洀愀氀攀 愀渀搀 㔀　⸀㐀㄀ 昀漀爀 昀攀洀愀氀攀猀⤀ 愀最愀椀渀猀琀 琀栀攀 渀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀瘀攀爀愀最攀 漀昀 㔀㈀⸀㄀㄀─⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
<p class="C1">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;	Punjab is also on top of other states in the matter of general standard of living of the common man. In 1993-94, per capita income in Punjab was Rs 12,724 against Rs 6,929 for the country as a whole. Among all the States of the Union, Punjab ranked second next only to Delhi which in 1993-94 had per capita income Rs 14,714.This is an index of the industrious and enterprising nature of the Punjabis. Besides being foremost in the adoption of modern techniques in agriculture, a large number of them have migrated to foreign lands in search of better prospects; and the invisible imports from that source have played not an insignificant part in the general prosperity of the State. According  to estimates included in the sixth 5 year plan (1981-85), the incidence of unemployment in the State was only 4.53% against 8.35% for the country as a whole. As a result of inadequate growth of industry, unemployment among the educated is far greater than among the labour force. In fact there is a shortage of unskilled  and farm labour especially during sowing and harvesting seasons which is made good only by large scale import of migratory labour from other states, particularly from Uttar Pradesh and Bih&#257r. This is in spite of the fact that one major avenue of employment, i.e. recruitment to the armed forces, has been gradually narrowed during recent decades, thereby causing unemployment both for the educated and the uneducated Punjab is, particularly the Sikhs.</p>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀ऀ䄀 爀攀洀愀爀欀愀戀氀攀 昀攀愀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 洀漀搀攀爀渀椀稀愀琀椀漀渀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 椀猀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀 搀攀最爀攀攀 漀昀 爀甀爀愀氀ⴀ甀爀戀愀渀 攀挀漀渀漀洀椀挀 椀渀琀攀最爀愀琀椀漀渀 琀栀愀琀 椀琀 栀愀猀 戀爀漀甀最栀琀 愀戀漀甀琀⸀ 唀渀椀瘀攀爀猀愀氀 攀氀攀挀琀爀椀昀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀猀Ⰰ 氀椀渀欀椀渀最 漀昀 瘀椀氀氀愀最攀猀 琀漀 洀愀椀渀 爀漀愀搀猀Ⰰ 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 愀渀 攀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 渀攀琀眀漀爀欀 漀昀 洀愀爀欀攀琀猀 昀漀爀 愀最爀椀挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀 瀀爀漀搀甀挀攀 愀渀搀 椀渀瀀甀琀猀Ⰰ 攀愀猀椀攀爀 愀挀挀攀猀猀 琀漀 攀搀甀挀愀琀椀漀渀愀氀 愀渀搀 洀攀搀椀挀愀氀 昀愀挀椀氀椀琀椀攀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 最爀漀眀椀渀最 猀琀爀攀愀洀猀 愀渀搀 挀漀甀渀琀攀爀ⴀ猀琀爀攀愀洀猀 漀昀 爀甀爀愀氀ⴀ甀爀戀愀渀 洀椀最爀愀渀琀猀 愀爀攀 琀栀攀 洀愀椀渀 挀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀漀爀礀 昀愀挀琀漀爀猀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ
</font>਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䈀䤀䈀∀㸀ഀഀ
BIBLIOGRAPHY<p class="C1"><ol class="C1"><li class="C1"> Brass, Paul, <i>Language, Religion and Politics in North India</i>. Delhi, 1975<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䌀甀渀渀椀渀最栀愀洀Ⰰ 䨀漀猀攀瀀栀 䐀愀瘀攀礀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䄀 䠀椀猀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 伀爀椀最椀渀 漀昀 琀栀攀 一愀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䈀愀琀琀氀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀甀琀氀攀樀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䰀漀渀搀漀渀Ⰰ ㄀㠀㐀㤀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Latif Syad Muhammad, <i>History of the Panjab</i>. Lahore, 1891<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 刀漀猀攀Ⰰ 䠀⸀䄀⸀Ⰰ攀搀⸀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䄀 䜀氀漀猀猀愀爀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 吀爀椀戀攀猀 愀渀搀 䌀愀猀琀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 愀渀搀 一漀爀琀栀ⴀ圀攀猀琀 䘀爀漀渀琀椀攀爀 倀爀漀瘀椀渀挀攀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䰀愀栀漀爀攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㄀㄀ⴀ㄀㤀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Thornton, T.H., <i>History of the Panjab and of the Rue and Progress and Present Condition of  the Sect and Nation of the Sikhs</i>. London,1846<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 匀椀渀栀愀Ⰰ 一⸀䬀⸀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀刀椀猀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 倀漀眀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䌀愀氀挀甀琀琀愀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㘀　㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Grewal, J.S.,and Indu Banga, <i>Early Nineteenth Century Punjab</i>. Amritsar, 1975z<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䈀栀愀最愀琀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀匀椀欀栀 倀漀氀椀琀礀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䔀椀最栀琀攀攀渀琀栀 愀渀搀 一椀渀攀琀攀攀渀琀栀 䌀攀渀琀甀爀椀攀猀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䐀攀氀栀椀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㠀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Harbans Singh <i>The Heritage of the Sikhs</i>. Delhi, 1994<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䨀漀栀愀爀Ⰰ 刀⸀匀⸀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 䨀⸀匀⸀ 䬀栀愀渀渀愀Ⰰ 攀搀猀⸀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀匀琀甀搀椀攀猀 椀渀 倀甀渀樀愀戀 䔀挀漀渀漀洀礀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㠀㌀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"> Economic and Statistical Organisation, Government of Punjab, <i>Statistical Abstract of Punjab</i> Chandigarh, 1995<BR>਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䌀攀渀猀甀猀 漀昀 䤀渀搀椀愀 ㄀㤀㤀㄀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀倀甀渀樀愀戀㰀⼀椀㸀 ⠀匀攀爀椀攀猀ⴀ㈀　⤀ 㨀 㰀椀㸀䜀攀渀攀爀愀氀 倀漀瀀甀氀愀琀椀漀渀 吀愀戀氀攀猀 愀渀搀 倀爀椀洀愀爀礀 䌀攀渀猀甀猀    䄀戀猀琀爀愀挀琀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
<li class="C1"><i>India</i> (Series-1): <i>Religion</i><BR>਍㰀⼀漀氀㸀㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀伀一吀∀㸀䠀⸀ 䬀⸀ 䴀愀渀洀漀栀愀渀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀㰀戀爀㸀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
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