਍㰀猀琀礀氀攀 琀礀瀀攀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀挀猀猀∀㸀ഀഀ .BODY { background-color: #EAF1F7; background-image: url('images/gtbh.jpg'); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-attachment: fixed; background-position: center; color: #0066CC;} ਍⸀䌀㄀笀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 樀甀猀琀椀昀礀㬀挀漀氀漀爀㨀 ⌀  㘀㘀䌀䌀㬀䘀伀一吀ⴀ猀椀稀攀㨀 匀䴀䄀䰀䰀㬀䘀伀一吀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 吀愀栀漀洀愀㬀紀ഀഀ .BIB{text-align: center;color: #000099;FONT-size: SMALL;FONT-family: Tahoma;} ਍⸀䌀伀一吀笀琀攀砀琀ⴀ愀氀椀最渀㨀 爀椀最栀琀㬀挀漀氀漀爀㨀 ⌀䘀䘀    㬀䘀伀一吀ⴀ猀椀稀攀㨀 匀䴀䄀䰀䰀㬀䘀伀一吀ⴀ昀愀洀椀氀礀㨀 吀愀栀漀洀愀㬀紀ഀഀ ਍㰀䴀䔀吀䄀 栀琀琀瀀ⴀ攀焀甀椀瘀㴀∀挀漀渀琀攀渀琀ⴀ琀礀瀀攀∀ 挀漀渀琀攀渀琀㴀∀琀攀砀琀⼀栀琀洀氀㬀 挀栀愀爀猀攀琀㴀唀吀䘀ⴀ㠀∀㸀㰀⼀䠀䔀䄀䐀㸀ഀഀ ਍㰀䘀伀一吀 䄀䰀䤀䜀一㴀∀䨀唀匀吀䤀䘀夀∀ 䘀䄀䌀䔀㴀∀吀愀栀漀洀愀∀㸀ഀഀ

AKĀL, lit. timeless, immortal, non-temporal, is a term integral to Sikh tradition and philosophy. It is extensively used in the Dasam Granth hymns by Gurū Gobind Siṅgh, where in one of his poetic compositions is know asAkāl Ustati, i. e. In Praise (ustati) of the Timeless One (akāl). However, the concept of Akāl is not peculiar to the Dasam Granth. It goes back to the very origins of the Sikh faith. Gurū Nānak used the term in the Mūl Mantra, the fundamental creedal statement in the Japu, the first composition in the Gurū Granth Sāhib. The term also occurs in Gurū Rām Dās, Nānak IV, who uses it in conjunction with mūrat in Sirī Rāga chhants (GG, 78) and in conjunction with purakh in Gauṛī Pūrabī Karhale (GG, 235). The term occurs more frequently in Gurū Arjan's bāṇī (e. g. GG, 99, 609, 916, 1079 and 1082). We encounter the use of the term akālin Kabīr as well.

਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䤀琀 洀愀礀 戀攀 渀漀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 琀攀爀洀 㰀椀㸀愀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀㰀⼀椀㸀 栀愀猀 戀攀攀渀 甀猀攀搀 椀渀 䜀甀爀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 椀渀 琀眀漀 昀漀爀洀猀 㨀 ⠀愀⤀ 愀猀 愀 焀甀愀氀椀昀椀攀爀 漀爀 愀搀樀攀挀琀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 ⠀戀⤀ 愀猀 愀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀琀椀瘀攀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 㰀椀㸀愀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 洀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀爀愀琀椀㰀⼀椀㸀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 瀀愀爀琀 椀猀 漀昀琀攀渀 琀爀攀愀琀攀搀 愀猀 愀 焀甀愀氀椀昀椀攀爀Ⰰ 攀瘀攀渀 琀栀漀甀最栀 猀漀洀攀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀攀爀猀 琀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 琀眀漀 眀漀爀搀猀 愀猀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 甀渀椀琀猀Ⰰ 瘀椀稀⸀ 㰀椀㸀愀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀渀搀 㰀椀㸀洀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀爀愀琀椀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䤀渀 琀栀攀 䴀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 刀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀最愀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 愀渀搀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 栀愀瘀攀 戀攀攀渀 挀氀攀愀爀氀礀 甀猀攀搀 愀猀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀琀椀瘀攀猀 戀礀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䄀爀樀愀渀 愀渀搀 䬀愀戀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀爀⸀ 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 洀漀爀攀 漀昀琀攀渀 琀栀愀渀 渀漀琀 琀爀攀愀琀猀 琀栀攀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀 愀猀 愀 渀漀甀渀⸀ 㰀椀㸀䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 唀猀琀愀琀椀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀猀 琀栀攀 瀀爀愀椀猀攀 漀昀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 愀渀搀 ∀䠀愀椀氀Ⰰ 伀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀Ⰰ 䠀愀椀氀Ⰰ 伀 䬀椀爀瀀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀℀∀ 漀昀 㰀椀㸀䨀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀瀀甀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀氀猀漀 琀愀欀攀猀 琀栀攀 爀攀氀愀琀攀搀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀 愀猀 猀甀戀猀琀愀渀琀椀瘀攀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 洀攀愀渀椀渀最 漀昀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀渀琀攀砀琀 椀猀 ✀琀椀洀攀氀攀猀猀✀Ⰰ ✀渀漀渀ⴀ琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀氀✀Ⰰ 搀攀愀琀栀氀攀猀猀✀Ⰰ ✀渀漀琀 最漀瘀攀爀渀攀搀 戀礀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀氀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀✀Ⰰ 漀爀 ✀渀漀琀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 琀漀 戀椀爀琀栀Ⰰ 搀攀挀愀礀 愀渀搀 搀攀愀琀栀✀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 愀瀀瀀攀愀爀猀 琀漀 戀攀 渀攀最愀琀椀瘀攀 挀漀椀渀椀渀最 椀渀 攀愀挀栀 挀愀猀攀⸀ 䈀甀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀琀攀渀琀 椀猀 愀昀昀椀爀洀愀琀椀瘀攀⸀ 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 愀猀 搀攀愀琀栀氀攀猀猀 漀爀 渀漀渀ⴀ琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀氀 椀洀瀀氀椀攀猀 攀瘀攀爀氀愀猀琀椀渀最 爀攀愀氀椀琀礀Ⰰ 攀琀攀爀渀愀氀 戀攀椀渀最Ⰰ 漀爀 吀爀愀渀猀挀攀渀搀攀渀琀 匀瀀椀爀椀琀㬀 椀琀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 椀洀瀀氀椀攀猀 䔀琀攀爀渀椀琀礀Ⰰ 䈀攀椀渀最Ⰰ 漀爀 䔀猀猀攀渀挀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 氀椀渀最甀椀猀琀椀挀 昀漀爀洀 洀愀礀 戀攀 渀攀最愀琀椀瘀攀Ⰰ 戀甀琀 琀栀攀 猀攀洀愀渀琀椀挀 椀洀瀀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 甀渀洀椀猀琀愀欀愀戀氀礀 愀昀昀椀爀洀愀琀椀瘀攀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ

        Gurū Gobind Siṅgh, in his Jāpu in the Dasam Granth, has designated the Supreme Reality Akāl. It is the same Reality that was given the epithet of sati in the Gurū Granth Sāhib. 'Sati' is the primordial name of the Eternal Being (GG, 1083). All the names that we utter in respect of God are functional or attributive names. The basic reality is nameless, in Gurū Gobind Siṅgh's terminology anāma. But even the Nameless can serve as a name. When we say Brahman is featureless, 'featurelessness' becomes its feature. Niraṅkār (Formless) is a name, and so are other epithets so coined. To signify what they regard as the Eternal Spirit, beyond the pale of time, temporality or cosmic processes, the Gurūs have chosen the terms sati and akāl. Vāhigurū is a positive saguṇa substitute for the negative nirguṇa term Akāl.

਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 㰀椀㸀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀 椀猀 愀 爀攀瀀漀猀椀琀漀爀礀 漀昀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀猀 愀渀搀 琀攀爀洀猀Ⰰ 攀猀瀀攀挀椀愀氀氀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 攀瀀椀琀栀攀琀猀 爀攀氀愀琀椀渀最 琀漀 ✀琀椀洀攀✀⸀ 䈀攀猀椀搀攀猀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 愀渀搀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀Ⰰ 栀攀 甀猀攀猀 䴀愀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 ⠀洀愀挀爀漀ⴀ琀椀洀攀⤀ 愀渀搀 匀愀爀戀ⴀ䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 ⠀愀氀氀ⴀ琀椀洀攀⤀ 琀漀 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀攀 愀 䈀攀椀渀最 愀戀漀瘀攀 愀渀搀 戀攀礀漀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀瘀攀渀琀昀甀氀 琀椀洀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 甀渀椀瘀攀爀猀攀⸀ 䘀漀爀 栀椀洀Ⰰ 䬀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 椀琀猀攀氀昀 椀猀 愀 搀椀洀攀渀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 漀渀氀礀 搀椀昀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 戀攀椀渀最 琀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 琀栀愀琀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀椀稀攀猀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀氀 攀瘀攀渀琀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 攀琀攀爀渀愀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀⸀ 䔀瘀攀爀礀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀渀挀攀 漀爀 攀瘀攀渀琀 栀愀猀 愀 戀攀最椀渀渀椀渀最 愀渀搀 愀渀 攀渀搀Ⰰ 攀愀挀栀 攀瘀攀渀琀 椀猀 愀 氀椀渀欀 椀渀 琀栀攀 漀渀ⴀ最漀椀渀最 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 漀昀 吀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀猀洀椀挀 搀爀愀洀愀 漀爀 琀栀攀 眀漀渀搀爀漀甀猀 猀栀漀眀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀 椀猀 愀氀氀 愀 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 吀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀漀眀攀爀 漀昀 吀椀洀攀 挀漀渀琀爀漀氀猀 眀漀爀氀搀氀礀 攀瘀攀渀琀猀㬀 琀栀攀 漀渀氀礀 攀渀琀椀琀礀 椀渀搀攀瀀攀渀搀攀渀琀 漀昀 琀椀洀攀 椀猀 吀椀洀攀 椀琀猀攀氀昀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀愀琀 椀猀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 吀椀洀攀氀攀猀猀 伀渀攀⸀ 吀栀愀琀 椀猀 栀漀眀 䜀漀搀 椀猀 戀漀琀栀 吀椀洀攀 愀渀搀 吀椀洀攀氀攀猀猀 椀渀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 㰀椀㸀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 吀栀攀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀氀 愀猀瀀攀挀琀 漀昀 吀椀洀攀 椀猀 琀栀攀 椀洀洀愀渀攀渀琀 愀猀瀀攀挀琀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀爀攀猀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 匀瀀椀爀椀琀甀愀氀 䔀猀猀攀渀挀攀 椀渀 攀愀挀栀 眀漀爀氀搀氀礀 漀挀挀甀爀爀攀渀挀攀⸀ 䤀琀 椀猀 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀愀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀甀瀀爀攀洀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀挀栀椀琀㰀⼀椀㸀 漀爀 挀漀渀猀挀椀漀甀猀渀攀猀猀 漀昀 㰀椀㸀猀愀琀ⴀ挀栀椀琀ⴀ愀渀愀渀搀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 吀栀攀 漀琀栀攀爀Ⰰ 琀爀愀渀猀挀攀渀搀攀渀琀 愀猀瀀攀挀琀Ⰰ 椀猀 琀栀攀 䔀琀攀爀渀愀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䈀攀礀漀渀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䤀渀攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀戀氀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 䘀愀琀栀漀洀氀攀猀猀Ⰰ 一椀爀最甀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀愀 䈀爀愀栀洀愀渀Ⰰ 愀猀猀椀最渀攀搀 琀栀攀 渀愀洀攀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 吀椀洀攀氀攀猀猀 伀渀攀 漀爀 琀栀攀 伀渀攀ⴀ戀攀礀漀渀搀ⴀ吀椀洀攀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ

        Akāl is not a fixed, unmoving substance, but the dynamic spiritual principle of the entire cosmic existence. The phenomenal world emanates from Spirit, and the Spirit permeates the world. Akāl in Sikh weltanschauung is not mere consciousness, blank and void, but is the Creative Spirit, as the expression Kartā Purakh implies. In other words, creativity is the core of Akāl. And it is creativity that is manifest in the dimension of Kāl. Acting through Time, the Timeless One creates worlds and beings of the worlds. It is through creativity that the Timeless One transforms itself from nirguṇ to sarguṇ, from the aphur state into saphur state, from the pre-creation sunn, or dormant essence, into cosmic existence.

਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 挀爀攀愀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 漀昀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 椀猀 渀漀琀 挀漀渀昀椀渀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀氀攀猀猀 愀渀搀 琀攀洀瀀漀爀愀氀 愀猀瀀攀挀琀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 匀甀瀀爀攀洀攀⸀ 吀栀爀漀甀最栀 椀琀猀 㰀椀㸀猀愀爀最甀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀㰀⼀椀㸀 昀愀挀攀琀 琀栀攀 㰀椀㸀渀椀爀最甀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀㰀⼀椀㸀 愀猀猀甀洀攀猀 琀栀攀 挀栀愀爀愀挀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 䐀椀瘀椀渀攀Ⰰ 漀昀 琀栀攀 最爀愀挀椀漀甀猀 䜀漀搀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 氀漀瘀椀渀最 䰀漀爀搀 漀爀 倀爀愀戀栀甀 漀昀 琀栀攀 搀攀瘀漀琀攀攀猀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 ✀䤀琀✀ 琀栀攀 唀氀琀椀洀愀琀攀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 ✀䠀攀✀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 瀀攀爀猀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 眀栀漀洀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 椀猀 猀漀甀最栀琀 愀渀搀 攀猀琀愀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀⸀ 䘀爀漀洀 ✀䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀✀Ⰰ 䠀攀 戀攀挀漀洀攀猀 ✀匀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀ⴀ䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀✀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀欀栀 猀氀漀最愀渀 愀渀搀 瀀漀瀀甀氀愀爀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 最爀攀攀琀椀渀最 㰀椀㸀匀愀琀椀 匀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀㰀⼀椀㸀 猀甀洀猀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 琀椀洀攀氀攀猀猀 䈀攀椀渀最 椀猀 琀栀攀 猀椀渀最甀氀愀爀 䔀琀攀爀渀愀氀 刀攀愀氀椀琀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀栀爀愀猀攀 挀漀洀戀椀渀攀猀 琀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀猀 漀昀 匀愀琀椀 愀渀搀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀Ⰰ 椀洀瀀氀礀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䔀琀攀爀渀愀氀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 吀椀洀攀氀攀猀猀 愀爀攀 漀渀攀㬀 匀愀琀椀 椀琀猀攀氀昀 椀猀 琀栀攀 䔀瘀攀爀氀愀猀琀椀渀最 䰀漀爀搀 戀攀礀漀渀搀ⴀ吀椀洀攀⸀ 吀栀甀猀Ⰰ 琀栀攀 挀爀攀愀琀椀瘀攀 攀猀猀攀渀挀攀 琀甀爀渀猀 琀栀攀 洀攀琀愀瀀栀礀猀椀挀愀氀 䈀攀椀渀最 椀渀琀漀 愀挀琀椀瘀攀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀氀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀Ⰰ 椀渀琀漀 挀漀渀猀挀椀漀甀猀 倀漀眀攀爀 椀渀瘀漀氀瘀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀 挀漀猀洀椀挀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀Ⰰ 椀渀琀漀 䠀攀爀漀 漀爀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀 漀昀 琀栀攀 眀漀爀氀搀Ⰰ 挀栀攀爀椀猀栀椀渀最 䠀椀猀 挀爀攀愀琀椀漀渀 眀椀琀栀 戀攀渀椀最渀 樀漀礀⸀ 䈀攀椀渀最 琀栀攀 戀攀渀攀昀椀挀攀渀琀 䰀漀爀搀Ⰰ 䠀攀 氀攀渀搀猀 猀漀洀攀 漀昀 䠀椀猀 挀爀攀愀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 琀漀 琀栀攀 挀爀攀愀琀攀搀 戀攀椀渀最猀⸀ 䠀甀洀愀渀椀琀礀 搀爀愀眀猀 椀琀猀 挀爀攀愀琀椀瘀椀琀礀 愀渀搀 挀爀攀愀琀椀瘀攀 攀渀攀爀最礀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䐀椀瘀椀渀攀 爀攀猀攀爀瘀漀椀爀 漀昀 挀爀攀愀琀椀瘀椀琀礀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ

        Valour and heroism are pronounced characteristics of the Sikh tradition. The Akāl of Gurū Gobind Siṅgh is All Steel (Sarb-Loh), symbolically applauding valour. Gurū Nānak had applied the epithet of Jodhā-Māhābalī-Sūrmā to the valiant in Japu, 27 (GG, 6). Gurū Gobind Siṅgh, Nānak X, expresses His creativities with terms such as Sarb-Kāl (Jāpu, 19, 20, ), Sarb-Dayāl (Jāpu, 19, 23, 28), Sarb-Pāl (Jāpu, 28, 45). He calls Him Glorious and great, Super-form, Yogī of yogīs, Moon of moons, Melody of melodies, Rhythm of the dance, Liquidity of waters, Movement of the winds. He is Akāl as well as Kripāl, the Compassionate Lord. In fact, the whole composition of Jāpu, with its wide range of attributive names for the Timeless Being focusses on the Akāl-Kripāl unipolarity. The Impersonal appears through all persons, the Timeless encompasses all temporal beings emanating from His Essence. He transcends the human world, yet He is full of compassion for all. His timeless essence permeates the temporal existence.

਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀☀渀戀猀瀀㬀吀栀攀 挀漀渀挀攀瀀琀 漀昀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀Ⰰ 挀攀渀琀爀愀氀 琀漀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀✀猀 㰀椀㸀䨀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀瀀甀㰀⼀椀㸀 栀愀猀 瀀攀爀挀漀氀愀琀攀搀 琀漀 琀栀攀 猀漀挀椀愀氀Ⰰ 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 愀渀搀 挀甀氀琀甀爀愀氀 愀猀瀀攀挀琀猀 漀昀 匀椀欀栀 氀椀昀攀⸀ 䤀渀猀瀀椀爀攀搀 戀礀 椀琀猀 琀栀攀洀攀Ⰰ 琀栀攀礀 挀愀氀氀 琀栀攀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀猀✀ 㰀椀㸀戀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀Ⰰ 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䈀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀漀氀椀琀椀挀愀氀 眀椀渀最 漀昀 琀栀攀 挀漀洀洀甀渀椀琀礀 椀猀 欀渀漀眀渀 愀猀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䐀愀氀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀氀漀最愀渀 㰀椀㸀匀愀琀椀 匀爀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀㰀⼀椀㸀 栀愀猀 戀攀挀漀洀攀 愀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 最爀攀攀琀椀渀最 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 倀甀渀樀愀戀椀猀 椀渀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀⸀ 吀栀攀 瀀爀漀挀攀猀猀 栀愀搀 戀攀攀渀 椀渀椀琀椀愀琀攀搀 洀甀挀栀 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀Ⰰ 栀愀氀昀 愀 挀攀渀琀甀爀礀 戀攀昀漀爀攀 琀栀攀 愀搀瘀攀渀琀 漀昀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䜀漀戀椀渀搀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀 漀渀 琀栀攀 猀挀攀渀攀⸀ 吀栀攀 匀椀砀琀栀 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀Ⰰ 䜀甀爀☀⌀㌀㘀㌀ 䠀愀爀最漀戀椀渀搀Ⰰ 栀愀搀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀椀攀搀 琀栀攀 琀栀爀漀渀攀 戀甀椀氀琀 愀琀 䄀洀爀椀琀猀愀爀 愀猀 䄀欀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀氀 吀愀㰀甀㸀欀栀㰀⼀甀㸀琀ⴀⴀ琀栀攀 吀栀爀漀渀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 吀椀洀攀氀攀猀猀 伀渀攀⸀㰀⼀瀀㸀ഀഀ ਍㰀瀀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䈀䤀䈀∀㸀ഀഀ BIBLIOGRAPHY

  1. Kapur Singh, Pārāśarapraśna [Reprint]. Amritsar, 1989
    ਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䜀漀瀀愀氀 匀椀渀最栀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀吀栀甀猀 匀瀀愀欀攀 琀栀攀 吀攀渀琀栀 䴀愀猀琀攀爀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 倀愀琀椀愀氀愀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㜀㠀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ
  2. Talib, Gurbachan Singh, Selections from the Holy Granth. Delhi, 1982
    ਍㰀氀椀 挀氀愀猀猀㴀∀䌀㄀∀㸀 䨀漀搀栀 匀椀☀⌀㜀㜀㐀㤀最栀Ⰰ 䈀栀☀⌀㈀㔀㜀☀⌀㈀㤀㤀Ⰰ 㰀椀㸀䜀甀爀洀愀琀椀 一椀爀☀⌀㜀㜀㔀㄀愀礀愀㰀⼀椀㸀⸀ 䰀愀栀漀爀攀Ⰰ ㄀㤀㐀㔀㰀䈀刀㸀ഀഀ

Wazir Siṅgh


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