ADVERB

Word acting as a modifier for verb in a Punjabi sentence will be termed as adverb. Unlike adjectives, adverbs can virtually be used at any place in Punjabi sentences, though not in nominal phrases. Adverbs can indicate time/duration, place or direction, manner, reason, instrumental, purpose, degree/intensity of the verb.

For example, ਉੱਪਰ uppar ‘upon’, ਉੱਤੇ uttē ‘over’, ਹੇਠਾਂ hēṭhāṃ ‘below’, ਕਦੇ kadē ‘sometime’, ਅੱਜ ajj ‘today’, ਕਿਧਰੇ kidharē ‘somewhere’ are some Punjabi adverbs.

Types

On the basis of function, Adverbs can be grouped into following subclasses: adverbs of time/duration, adverbs of place or direction, adverbs of manner, adverbs of instrumental, adverbs of purpose, adverbs of comitative and adverbs of degree/intensity.
Despite function, adverbs can be classified by form. On the basis of form, adverbs can be classified into the following subclasses:-

Basic or non-derived adverbs:   Basic or non-derived adverbs may be either pure adverbs or noun/adjective adverbs. For example:-

ਹੁਣ huṇ now
ਸਦਾ sadā always
ਹਮੇਸ਼ਾਂ hamēshāṃ for ever
ਵਧੀਆ vadhīā well, good
ਚੰਗੀ caṅgī good


Derived adverbs:   Derived adverbs are formed by adding the adverbial suffixes to the base form of the demonstrative, relative, correlative and interrogative pronouns. The following adverbs are the derived adverbs from these pronominal subclasses:-
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ਇੱਥੇ, ਉੱਥੇ, ਜਿੱਥੇ, ਕਿੱਥੇ itthē, utthē, jitthē, kitthē here, there, where, where/at what place?
ਇੱਥੋਂ, ਉੱਥੋਂ, ਜਿੱਥੋਂ, ਕਿੱਥੋਂ itthōṃ, utthōṃ, jitthōṃ, kitthōṃ from here, from there, from where, from where/wherefrom?
ਇੱਧਰ, ਉੱਧਰ, ਜਿੱਧਰ, ਕਿੱਧਰ iddhar, uddhar, jiddhar, kiddhar this way, that way, whither, on which way?
ਇਵੇਂ, ਉਵੇਂ, ਜਿਵੇਂ, ਕਿਵੇਂ ivēṃ, uvēṃ, jivēṃ, kivēṃ in this way, in that way/likewise, as, how?


Phrasal adverbs:   The phrasal adverbials are formed by adding a simple or compound postposition to a noun. For example :-

ਘਰ ਦੇ ਅੱਗੇ ghar dē aggē in front of the house
ਘਰ ਦੇ ਬਾਹਰ ghar dē bāhar outside the house
ਦੁਕਾਨ ਦੇ ਕੋਲ਼ dukān dē kōḷ near the shop
ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ is tōṃ pahilāṃ before this


Reduplicated adverbs:   The reduplicated adverbs are employed to express intensity and distribution. The reduplicated adverbs are :-

ਖੁਸ਼ੀ ਖੁਸ਼ੀ khushī khushī happily, gladly
ਹੌਲ਼ੀ ਹੌਲ਼ੀ hauḷī hauḷī slowly
ਕਦ ਕਦ kad kad when
ਤੇਜ ਤੇਜ tēj tēj fast, swiftly


Clausal adverbs:   The clausal adverbials involve finite relative adverbial clauses as well as non-finite participle and infinitival clauses. For example :-

1. ਉਹ ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਕੇ ਘਰ ਚਲਾ ਗਿਆ।
2. ਉਹਦੇ ਜਾਣ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਆ ਜਾਓ।
3. ਉਹਦੇ ਆਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ ਤੁਸੀਂ ਚਲੇ ਜਾਣਾ।
In these sentences ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਕੇ, ਉਹਦੇ ਜਾਣ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ and ਉਹਦੇ ਆਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ are the examples of clausal adverbs.
some examples of clausal adverbs are:

ਇਸ ਤੋਂ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ is to pahla before that
ਕੰਮ ਕਰ ਕੇ kam karke after working
ਕੁੱਝ ਦਿਨ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ kuj din pehla a  few days ago
ਕੱਲ੍ਹ kal tomarrow

The three particles ਹੀ, ਵੀ and ਤੇ can co-occur with an adverb or a noun to render an adverbial reading.

Adverb of Place – This shows where an action or something is done or happens. It answers the question "Where?" Such adverbs are placed before the verb.
ਬੱਚਾ ਥੱਲੇ ਡਿੱਗ ਪਇਆ .

ਬੱਚੇ ਕੋਠੇ ਉੱਪਰ ਖੇਡਦੇ ਹਨ ।

ਥੱਲੇ thale down
ਉੱਪਰ upar up
ਦੂਰ door away
ਅੰਦਰ andar in


Adverb of Manner – This shows how an action or something is done. It answers the question "How?" The adverb is placed just before the verb when it is used in a sentence.

Example: ਸ਼ੀਲਾ ਤੇਜ਼ ਤੁਰਦੀ ਹੈ।
ਉਹ ਉੱਚੀ ਬੋਲਦੀ ਹੈ।

ਤੇਜ਼ tej quickly
ਉੱਚੀ uchi loudly
ਪਿਆਰ ਨਾਲ pyar naal softly